Middle Eastern Plant Extracts: An Alternative to Modern Medicine Problems

Varijakzhan, Disha; Chen, Chong; Abushelaibi, Aisha; Lai, Kok-Song; Lim, Swee Hua Erin

doi:10.3390/molecules25051126

Cited by 29 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…Interbacterial transmission of antibiotic resistance through horizontal gene transfer (conjugation, transduction, and transformation) has made the situation critical worldwide [3]. To overcome this problem, intensive research has been done in recent years, and the use of plant extracts and nanoparticle has emerged as promising alternatives [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Medicinal herbs and plant extracts have been successfully used in traditional medicine around the world for millennia [14], and herbal remedies have various advantages because of their availability, fewer reported side effects, cost, high tolerance toward patients, and lack of bacterial resistance [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibacterial activity of grapefruit peel extracts and green-synthesized silver nanoparticles

et al. 2021

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Background and Aim: The gradual loss of efficacy of conventional antibiotics is a global issue. Plant material extracts and green-synthesized nanoparticles are among the most promising options to address this problem. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the antibacterial properties of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of grapefruit peels as well as their inclusion in green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Materials and Methods: Aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts (80% v/v) were prepared, and the volume and mass yields were determined. The synthesis of AgNPs was done in an eco-friendly manner using AgNO3 as a precursor. The nanoparticles were characterized by ultraviolet–vis spectrometry and photon cross-correlation spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was tested on three Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, clinical Enterococcus faecalis, and S. aureus) and two Gram-negative bacteria (two clinical Escherichia coli) using various concentrations of extracts (100, 50, 25, 12, and 5 mg/mL and 5% dimethyl sulfoxide as negative control). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using the microdilution method. Modulation of cefazoline and ampicillin on resistant E. coli and S. aureus strains was added to the mixture design response surface methodology with extreme vertices design, with the diameters of inhibition and the fractional inhibitory concentration index as responses and factors, respectively. The antibiotic, the ethanolic extract, and water varied from 0.1 MIC to 0.9 MIC for the first two and from 0 to 0.8 in proportion for the third. Validating the models was done by calculating the absolute average deviation, bias factor, and accuracy factor. Results: The volume yield of the EE and aqueous extract (AE) was 96.2% and 93.8% (v/v), respectively, whereas their mass yields were 7.84% and 9.41% (m/m), respectively. The synthesized AgNPs were very uniform and homogeneous, and their size was dependent on the concentration of AgNO3. The antibacterial activity of the two extracts was dose-dependent, and the largest inhibition diameter was observed for the Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus ATCC 6538; AE, 12; EE, 16), whereas AgNPs had a greater effect on Gram-negative bacteria. The MICs (mg/mL) of the AEs varied from 3.125 (S. aureus ATCC 6538) to 12.5 (E. coli 1 and E. coli 2), whereas the MICs of the EEs varied from 1.5625 (S. aureus 1, S. aureus ATCC 6538, and E. faecalis) to 6.25 (E. coli 1). There was a significant difference between the MICs of AEs and EEs (p=0.014). The MBCs (mg/mL) of the AEs varied from 12.5 (S. aureus ATCC 6538) to 50 (S. aureus 1), whereas those of the EEs varied from 6.25 (S. aureus 1) to 25 (E. coli 1 and E. faecalis). Ethanolic grapefruit extracts demonstrated an ability to modulate cefazolin on E. coli and S. aureus but were completely indifferent to ampicillin on E. coli. Conclusion: Grapefruit peel extracts and their AgNPs exhibit antibacterial properties that can be exploited for the synthesis of new antimicrobials and their EEs may be efficiently used synergistically with other antibiotics against bacteria with intermediate susceptibility.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibacterial activity of grapefruit peel extracts and green-synthesized silver nanoparticles

et al. 2021

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“…In recent years, the research community has been focused on finding alternatives to overcome increasing cases of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms such as bacteria and fungus [ 75 , 92 ]. Natural products from plants and microorganisms are seen as an alternative to overcome antimicrobial resistance [ 93 ]. Similarly, marine organisms—especially sponges—have been reported to synthesize bioactive compounds that have antimicrobial activity.…”

Section: Bioactivities Of Marine Sponges With Regard To Human Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioactive Compounds from Marine Sponges: Fundamentals and Applications

et al. 2021

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Marine sponges are sessile invertebrates that can be found in temperate, polar and tropical regions. They are known to be major contributors of bioactive compounds, which are discovered in and extracted from the marine environment. The compounds extracted from these sponges are known to exhibit various bioactivities, such as antimicrobial, antitumor and general cytotoxicity. For example, various compounds isolated from Theonella swinhoei have showcased various bioactivities, such as those that are antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal. In this review, we discuss bioactive compounds that have been identified from marine sponges that showcase the ability to act as antibacterial, antiviral, anti-malarial and antifungal agents against human pathogens and fish pathogens in the aquaculture industry. Moreover, the application of such compounds as antimicrobial agents in other veterinary commodities, such as poultry, cattle farming and domesticated cats, is discussed, along with a brief discussion regarding the mode of action of these compounds on the targeted sites in various pathogens. The bioactivity of the compounds discussed in this review is focused mainly on compounds that have been identified between 2000 and 2020 and includes the novel compounds discovered from 2018 to 2021.

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“…Plants produce a variety of bioactive compounds to tolerate their habitats, unfavourable weather conditions and pathogenic infections (Varijakzhan et al, 2020). These bioactive compounds are often referred to as secondary metabolites (SMs) alkaloids, essential oils, phenolics, saponins, terpene and carbohydrates synthesised by plants.…”

Section: Sulphonamidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These bioactive compounds are often referred to as secondary metabolites (SMs) alkaloids, essential oils, phenolics, saponins, terpene and carbohydrates synthesised by plants. Although carbohydrates are primary metabolites, they are often incorporated into secondary metabolites by glycosylation (Varijakzhan et al, 2020). Secondary metabolites are able to modulate proteinprotein interactions, such as recognition, binding, catalytic activity and turnover (Hoseinifar et al, 2020).…”

Section: Sulphonamidesmentioning

confidence: 99%