Microwaves in soil remediation from VOCs. 1: Heat and mass transfer aspects

Acierno, Domenico; Barba, Anna Angela; D’Amore, Matteo

doi:10.1002/aic.690490726

Cited by 28 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…224 Experimental and theoretical studies on microwave induced steam distillation using an opened microwave applicator showed that it was an effective method to remove volatile organic compounds from soil. 230,231 Similarly, decontamination of soil containing persistent organic pollutants was successfully performed by microwave-assisted FL reagents and the results showed that 4-chloronaphtol, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and p-nonylphenol had been degraded completely and degradation of 2,4-dibromophenol was achieved to a large extent. 225 Thus in treating vast amount of wastes, microwave heating has many advantages such as rapid and selective heating, significant waste volume reduction, enhanced chemical reactivity, ease of control, immobilization of hazardous components, ability to treat wastes in situ, improved safety, and overall cost effectiveness/savings.…”

Section: Polymer Processingmentioning

confidence: 42%

Microwave material processing—a review

2011

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Microwave heating is caused by the ability of the materials to absorb microwave energy and convert it to heat. This article represents a review on fundamentals of microwave heating and their interaction with materials for various applications in a comprehensive manner. Experimental studies of single, multimode, and variable frequency microwave processing were reviewed along with their applications. Modeling of microwave heating based on Lambert's law and Maxwell's electromagnetic field equations have also been reviewed along with their applications. Modeling approaches were used to predict the effect of resonances on microwave power absorption, the role of supports for microwave heating, and to determine the nonuniformity on heating rates. Various industrial applications on thermal processing have been reviewed. There is tremendous scope for theoretical and experimental studies on the athermal effects of microwaves. Some of the unresolved problems are identified and directions for further research are also suggested.

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Section: Polymer Processingmentioning

confidence: 42%

Microwave material processing—a review

2011

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“…2, it is clear that the acceleration effect of potassium chloride solution on the microwave-induced degradation of nitrosamines mainly originates from the function of the water solvent. In the microwave irradiation process, heat is internally generated within the material by energy conversion rather than energy transfer, and the ability of a material to absorb energy is related to its permittivity, indicated as e [24]. Water has a high value of e so the influence of water is significant on the microwave heating, and hence, it is necessary to have water in the medium for hydrolysis of nitrosamines [22].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 45%

New Attempt to Reduce the Harm of Smoking: Reducing the Nitrosamines Level in Tobacco Smoke by Microwave Irradiation

Gao

Wang

et al. 2009

CLEAN Soil Air Water

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In order to protect the environment and public health, microwave irradiation was investigated as a means of reducing the nitrosamines level of tobacco smoke under mild conditions where the microwave energy was 1 kW and the irradiation time was shorter than 2 min. The microwave-induced elimination of nitrosamines such as Nnitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) and N-nitrosodiphenylamine (NDPA) was investigated and the impact of the presence of water and salt in the medium on the reduction was assessed in detail. The existence of water in the medium was crucial for the microwave-induced reduction of NDPA, because the rapid movement of water molecules under the influence of microwaves strongly affects the adjacent nitrosamines leading to their decomposition. This was the first time that microwaves have been used to directly irradiate cigarettes sealed in their packaging, and the nitrosamines content of tobacco and smoke of these irradiated cigarettes were analyzed with care. Irradiation for 90 s with microwave energy of 1kW was seen to reduce 25 to 30% of the nitrosamines in tobacco and 50 to 60% of the levels present in the mainstream smoke of the cigarette. Moreover, lower mutagenic activity and higher CHO cell livability were found for the irradiated cigarettes in comparison with the control according to the results of in vitro tests.

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“…Previous studies in this field use off-the-shelf batch microwave equipment for small scale tests [23][24][25]. This work is valuable for identifying some of the key effects, heating mechanisms and the influence of the main process variables.…”

Section: Design Of a Continuous Microwave Processsupporting

confidence: 39%

“…These results indicate that the residual organic and mineral content is relatively microwave transparent, and this is consistent with previous studies [22]. The data from Figure 1 suggest that hydrocarbon removal will be not be dependent on direct energy absorption, but rather on the physical properties of the hydrocarbon phases, their distribution within the soil matter and the mass transfer characteristics of the soil [15,23].…”

Section: Soil Compositionmentioning

confidence: 38%

Development and evaluation of a continuous microwave processing system for hydrocarbon removal from solids

Buttress

Binner

et al. 2016

Chemical Engineering Journal

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A continuous conveyor-belt processing concept using microwave heating was developed and evaluated. Four hydrocarbon-contaminated soils were used as model feedstocks, and the degree of organic removal was assessed against the power and energy input to the process. The findings of this study at scale (150kg/h) are in direct agreement with data obtained in batch laboratory scale experiments, and show that microwave heating processes are fundamentally scalable. It is shown that there is a trade-off between the efficiency of organic removal and the power distribution, and applying the power in a single stage was found to be 20-30% more energy efficient but the overall degree of organic removal is limited to 60%. 75% removal was possible using two processing steps in series, but the organic removal is ultimately limited by the amount of power that can be safely and reliably delivered to the process material. The concept presented in this work is feasible when 75% organic removal is sufficient, and could form a viable industrial-scale process based on the findings of this study.

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Microwaves in soil remediation from VOCs. 1: Heat and mass transfer aspects

Cited by 28 publications

References 17 publications

Microwave material processing—a review

Microwave material processing—a review

New Attempt to Reduce the Harm of Smoking: Reducing the Nitrosamines Level in Tobacco Smoke by Microwave Irradiation

Development and evaluation of a continuous microwave processing system for hydrocarbon removal from solids

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