Microwave radiation in the upper atmosphere of the earth during strong geomagnetic disturbances

Relativity Laws for the Variation of Rates of Clocks Moving in Free Space and GPS Positioning Errors Caused by Space-Weather Events

“…Let us consider the effect of molecules N 2 and O 2 on the UHF spectrum of spontaneous emission (absorption) in the decimeter band which appears in the D-and E-layers of Earth's ionosphere during strong geomagnetic disturbances [63]. Since the concentration of free electrons n e is small compared with the concentration of atmospheric particles ρ a both in normal conditions and in case of a magnetic storm, there is no noticeable change in the ambient temperature T a [64,65].…”

“…This situation occurs when the concentration of electrons n e ≤ 10 6 cm − 3 for medium concentration ρ a = 10 1 5 cm − 3 . On the other hand, the dependence of m n L ( ρ a (z) ) is determined by the quenching process of Rydberg particles and drops sharply when ρ a ≥ 10 1 6 cm − 3 [63]. In these circumstances, a quenching is accompanied by the transfer of electronic excitation energy into translational motion of the heavy medium components.…”

“…Moreover, the transitions between the L = 0 − 3 terms, split off from the Coulomb levels, provide the greatest contribution to the UHF radiation, where L is the angular momentum of the weakly bound electron with respect to the perturbing particle of the medium [63]. A non-equilibrium two-temperature plasma is formed at 10 , where the states with principal quantum numbers n ≈ 20 ÷ 60 will be populated most effectively [63].…”

“…The coefficient F n is given by the flow of electrons, and the value of f n ( ρ a , T a ) = 16 ρ a n 2 / T a characterizes the decrease in the populations of m e f f due to quenching of the Rydberg particles in a neutral medium [63]. It is defined as the ratio of the effective number n e f f of electrons, moving in a flow with velocity 2 T e and passing the distance ∼ 2 T e τ e f f through a unit area during the lifetime τ e f f of the split-off L excited state, to the equilibrium concentration n e of electrons, i.e.…”

“…Quantity n max is the position of the maximum population of Rydberg states, which is defined as [63] taken from [69]. Scattering lengths, quadrupole moments, and static polarizabilities of the nitrogen and oxygen molecules, for which data from [70][71][72][73][74] were used, are given in Table 2.…”