Microwave plasma based single step method for free standing graphene synthesis at atmospheric conditions

Tatarova, E.; Henriques, J.; Luhrs, Claudia; Dias, Ana; Phillips, Jonathan; Abrashev, M. V.; Ferreira, C. M.

doi:10.1063/1.4822178

Cited by 74 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Final structure of the carbon nanostructure is a result of delicate interplay between carbon particles and energy fluxes as determined by the plasma and the conditions in the assembly zone. As shown in [27] the changes in thermodynamic conditions in the assembly zone by external forced cooling/heating results in a different final product, i.e. nanoparticles, sheets etc.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The present complex theoretical and experimental investigation is a continuation of our previous work [27,28] on the creation of self-standing graphene sheets using microwave atmospheric plasmas driven by surface waves at atmospheric pressure conditions. The method, as described previously [27,28], is based on injecting a carbon-containing precursor (C 2 H 5 OH) through a microwave argon plasma environment, where decomposition of ethanol molecules takes place and carbon atoms and molecules are created.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plasma-based fabrication of graphene is a relatively new area with a relatively small number of publications [3,10,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. Moreover, the mechanisms responsible for the unique properties exhibited by plasma-created nanostructures are still to be understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The method, as described previously [27,28], is based on injecting a carbon-containing precursor (C 2 H 5 OH) through a microwave argon plasma environment, where decomposition of ethanol molecules takes place and carbon atoms and molecules are created. Gas-phase carbon species diffuse into colder nucleation zones, where they are transformed into solid carbon nuclei.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the plasma-based growth of ‘flowing’ graphene sheets at atmospheric pressure conditions

Цыганов

Bundaleska

Tatarova

et al. 2015

Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.

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A theoretical and experimental study on atmospheric pressure microwave plasma-based assembly of free standing graphene sheets is presented. The synthesis method is based on introducing a carbon-containing precursor (C 2 H 5 OH) through a microwave (2.45 GHz) argon plasma environment, where decomposition of ethanol molecules takes place and carbon atoms and molecules are created and then converted into solid carbon nuclei in the 'colder' nucleation zones. A theoretical model previously developed has been further updated and refined to map the particle and thermal fluxes in the plasma reactor. Considering the nucleation process as a delicate interplay between thermodynamic and kinetic factors, the model is based on a set of non-linear differential equations describing plasma thermodynamics and chemical kinetics. The model predictions were validated by experimental results. Optical emission spectroscopy was applied to detect the plasma emission related to carbon species from the 'hot' plasma zone. Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques have been applied to analyze the synthesized nanostructures. The microstructural features of the solid carbon nuclei collected from the colder zones of plasma reactor vary according to their location. A part of the solid carbon was deposited on the discharge tube wall. The solid assembled from the main stream, which was gradually withdrawn from the hot plasma region in the outlet plasma stream directed to a filter, was composed by 'flowing' graphene sheets. The influence of additional hydrogen, Ar flow rate and microwave power on the concentration of obtained stable species and carbon−dicarbon was evaluated. The ratio of sp 3 /sp 2 carbons in graphene sheets is presented. A correlation between changes in C 2 and C number densities and sp 3 /sp 2 ratio was found.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the plasma-based growth of ‘flowing’ graphene sheets at atmospheric pressure conditions

Цыганов

Bundaleska

Tatarova

et al. 2015

Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.

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“…This method has also been applied to synthesize substrate-free graphene sheets [4,[18][19][20]. As shown in our previous work [21], tuning of the plasma properties and, in particular, of its afterglow conditions is of considerable importance to establish a control on the processes of nucleation and growth of the nanostructures and on the morphology of the targeted structures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave plasmas applied for the synthesis of free standing graphene sheets

Tatarova¹,

Dias²,

Henriques³

et al. 2014

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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Self-standing graphene sheets were synthesized using microwave plasmas driven by surface waves at 2.45 GHz stimulating frequency and atmospheric pressure. The method is based on injecting ethanol molecules through a microwave argon plasma environment, where decomposition of ethanol molecules takes place. The evolution of the ethanol decomposition was studied in situ by plasma emission spectroscopy. Free gas-phase carbon atoms created in the plasma diffuse into colder zones, both in radial and axial directions, and aggregate into solid carbon nuclei. The main part of the solid carbon is gradually withdrawn from the hot region of the plasma in the outlet plasma stream where nanostructures assemble and grow. Externally forced heating in the assembly zone of the plasma reactor has been applied to engineer the structural qualities of the assembled nanostructures. The synthesized graphene sheets have been analysed by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The presence of sp 3 carbons is reduced by increasing the gas temperature in the assembly zone of the plasma reactor. As a general trend, the number of mono-layers decreases when the wall temperature increases from 60 to 100 • C. The synthesized graphene sheets are stable and highly ordered.

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Covalent Graphene‐Polymer Nanocomposites

Salavagione

2015

Graphene Materials

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Microwave plasma based single step method for free standing graphene synthesis at atmospheric conditions

Cited by 74 publications

References 28 publications

On the plasma-based growth of ‘flowing’ graphene sheets at atmospheric pressure conditions

On the plasma-based growth of ‘flowing’ graphene sheets at atmospheric pressure conditions

Microwave plasmas applied for the synthesis of free standing graphene sheets

Covalent Graphene‐Polymer Nanocomposites

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