Microwave assisted synthesis – a critical technology overview

Production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from glucose catalyzed by hydroxyapatite supported chromium chloride

“…MI produces special heating mode by direct coupling of microwave energy with the molecules present in the reaction mixture. In addition, other ''microwave effects'' such as lowering activation energy or increasing the pre-exponential factor in Arrhenius law due to orientation effect of polar species in an electromagnetic field might also contribute the high performance (Nuchter et al, 2004).…”

Chemical, structural and energy properties of hydrochars from microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization of glucose

“…In many applications, the use of microwave heating as an attractive alternative to conventional method of heating has shown to be more energy efficient, because it provides selective, fast and homogenous heating, which reduces processing time and costs significantly [11,12]. It has also been established that irradiation with microwave produced effective internal heating by direct coupling of microwave energy with solvents, reagents and catalysts, which increased the reactions greatly [13].…”

Role of Microwave Pre Treatment in the Extraction of High Quality Natural Fibers

“…The energy required to break a C-H bond of a pectin chain is found to be 413 KJ/mol, however a microwave system at 2450MHz provide 1 J/mol. As we see there is a big difference in the required energy when compared to energy produced by a normal microwave generator Nutcher et al [14]. However, it was proven that microwave energy is being used in biomass processing, irradiation, extraction etc.…”