Microwave assisted sol–gel synthesis of titanium dioxide using hydrochloric and acetic acid as catalysts

Andrade-Guel, M.; Jiménez, Lourdes Díaz; Cortés-Hernández, Dora A.; Cabello-Alvarado, C.; Ávila‐Orta, Carlos A.; Bartolo‐Pérez, P.; Gamero‐Melo, Prócoro

doi:10.1016/j.bsecv.2018.10.005

Cited by 30 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The particle size of HNO 3 stabilized nanoparticles remained slightly smaller than HCl stabilized nanoparticles. The surfactants found to be ineffective on phase transformation of TiO 2 nanoparticles, which mainly depends on the heat treatment 12 , 17 . The morphology of TiO 2 nanoparticles was assessed through scanning electron microscopy.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This solution was stirred continuously at 60 °C to obtain white thick precipitated solution, which turned into a transparent white sol after 3 h. To complete the process of hydrolysis and condensation, the sol was stirred further for 150 min. The resultant gel was annealed for 2 h at 300 °C and grinded into fine powder of TiO 2 12 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anatase phase is the most prominent commercial phase of TiO 2 due to its better stability and photocatalytic activity as compared to rutile and brookite phases 4 . TiO 2 nanoparticles are also known for good surface acidity, good thermal and chemical stabilities and low toxicity potential 12 . Karami et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optical characterization of non-thermal plasma jet energy carriers for effective catalytic processing of industrial wastewaters

Naz

Shukrullah

Rehman

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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An argon plasma jet was sustained in open air and characterized for its chemical composition. The optically characterized plasma jet was used to treat industrial wastewater containing mixed textile dyes and heavy metals. Since plasma jet produces UV-radiations, the photocatalytic TiO2 was used to enhance plasma treatment efficiency especially for degradation of dyes. Mixed anatase and rutile phases of TiO2 (5.2–8.5 nm) were produced through surfactant assisted sol–gel approach. The emission spectrum confirmed the presence of excited argon, OH, excited nitrogen, excited oxygen, ozone and nitric oxide in the plasma jet. The spectral lines of excited Ar, NO, O3, OH−, N2, $${\mathrm{N}}_{2}^{+}$$ N 2 + , O, $${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{+}$$ O 2 + and O+ species were observed at wavelength of 695–740 nm, 254.3 nm, 307.9 nm, 302–310 nm, 330–380 nm, 390–415 nm, 715.6 nm, 500–600 nm and 400–500 nm. These reactive species decompose the organic pollutants and separate the heavy metals from the water samples. The conductivity of plasma exposed water samples increased while pH and hardness decreased. The atomic absorption spectrophotometry analysis confirmed the presence of heavy metals in the samples, which were effectively removed through plasma treatment. Finally, the effect of plasma treatment on Staphylococcus aureus strains was more pronounced than Escherichia coli strains.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optical characterization of non-thermal plasma jet energy carriers for effective catalytic processing of industrial wastewaters

Naz

Shukrullah

Rehman

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…This time period is considerably shorter than that required by the conventional sol-gel method. When hydrochloric acid was used as a catalyst, the three crystalline phases of TiO2 were observed: anatase, rutile and brookite [45].…”

Section: Microwave Assisted Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on the titanium oxide for catalytic applications

Modan¹

2019

BUP-JAUTO

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Titanium dioxide (TiO2) presents particular importance, due to its general properties in a wide range of fields, such as catalysis, photocatalysis and antibacterial agents and as nano-paint (self-cleaning). Physical and chemical characteristics of TiO2, particle size and shape, phases of crystalline TiO2 with band gaps that rutile TiO2 of 3.0 eV and anatase TiO2 of 3.2 eV, determine the photocatalytic performance of TiO2. This review presents the theoretical concepts of the structure properties of this oxide and the elaboration methods that make TiO2 the ideal candidate for catalytic applications.

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“…The stabilizers did not effected the phase transformation of TiO 2 nanoparticles. [19] MPAS raised the sample temperature from 150°C to 300°C, depending on the plasma operating conditions. The particle size decreased due to symmetric partial oxidation of the sample during plasma treatment under the combined effect of plasma heating and interaction of oxygen reactive species with the nanoparticles.…”

Section: Effect Of Plasma Treatment On Nanostructuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave Plasma Assisted Sol‐Gel Synthesis of TiO₂ Photocatalyst for DC Plasma Jet Driven Degradation of Methylene Blue

et al. 2021

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A new microwave plasma assisted sol-gel (MPAS) technique was adopted to produce Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) photocatalyst by using pure and mixed stabilizers. The crystalline phases, composition, bandgap energy and surface morphology of TiO 2 were studied through SEM, XRD, FT-IR, UV-Visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The average particle size of MPAS synthesized TiO 2 nanoparticles remained smaller than the simple sol-gel method while bandgap energy increased by 40 %. The rutile content and crystallinity of nanoparticles were also found higher in MPAS synthesized TiO 2 than the simple sol-gel method. The type of stabilizer only effected the particle size but not the phase transformations of TiO 2 nanoparticles. TiO 2 photocatalyst with band gap of 3.06 eV was used to degrade methylene blue dye in water under the exposure of open atmosphere argon plasma jet. UV radiation intensity of the plasma jet at a distance of 2 cm was 576 μW/cm 2 , which reduced to 149 μW/cm 2 at 10 cm. The plasma jet produced some highly reactive species and UV radiations. The reactive species reacted with dye molecules while UV radiations promoted the activity of TiO 2 . The dye degradation efficiency of the process, under the combined effect of reactive species and TiO 2 activity, reached to 95 % after 30 min of plasma exposure time.

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Microwave assisted sol–gel synthesis of titanium dioxide using hydrochloric and acetic acid as catalysts

Cited by 30 publications

References 24 publications

Optical characterization of non-thermal plasma jet energy carriers for effective catalytic processing of industrial wastewaters

Optical characterization of non-thermal plasma jet energy carriers for effective catalytic processing of industrial wastewaters

Review on the titanium oxide for catalytic applications

Microwave Plasma Assisted Sol‐Gel Synthesis of TiO₂ Photocatalyst for DC Plasma Jet Driven Degradation of Methylene Blue

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Microwave assisted sol–gel synthesis of titanium dioxide using hydrochloric and acetic acid as catalysts

Cited by 30 publications

References 24 publications

Optical characterization of non-thermal plasma jet energy carriers for effective catalytic processing of industrial wastewaters

Optical characterization of non-thermal plasma jet energy carriers for effective catalytic processing of industrial wastewaters

Review on the titanium oxide for catalytic applications

Microwave Plasma Assisted Sol‐Gel Synthesis of TiO2 Photocatalyst for DC Plasma Jet Driven Degradation of Methylene Blue

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Product

Resources

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Microwave Plasma Assisted Sol‐Gel Synthesis of TiO₂ Photocatalyst for DC Plasma Jet Driven Degradation of Methylene Blue