Microwave-Assisted Green Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of Selenium Nanoparticles Using Theobroma cacao L. Bean Shell Extract

Abstract

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are successfully synthesized through microwave heating by using Theobroma cacao L. bean shell extract as a stabilizing and capping agent. Response surface methodology is used to obtain optimal synthesis conditions. The effect of microwave power, irradiation time and amount of Na2SeO3 are evaluated on crystalline size by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Z-potential by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) using a central composite design (CCD). Optimal synthesis conditions are determined as 15.6 min, 788.6 W and 0.14 g of sodium selenite using 50 mL of Theobroma cacao L. bean shell extract. The successful biosynthesis of SeNPs is confirmed by UV-visible and Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analyses. The XRD pattern and Raman spectra show the presence of trigonal and amorphous synthesized SeNPs. Spherical SeNPs are observed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) with a particle size of 1–3 nm in diameter, at least one order of magnitude lower than those previously reported. The obtained SeNPs can be stable up to 55 days at 4 °C. Additionally, the SeNPs show an excellent antioxidant performance by the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods, with potential application in different sectors, such as food, medical and pharmaceutical.

Chitosan‐stabilized selenium nanoparticles attenuate acrylamide‐induced brain injury in rats

“…Therefore, the stabilization of SeNPs with chitosan applied in this work demonstrated the importance of stabilizing metal nanoparticles. This finding is in agreement with those mentioned in different previous studies, which made to ensure the stability of SeNPs (Mellinas et al., 2019; Zhai et al., 2017). Moreover, it has been proven that the antioxidant properties of the metal nanoparticles are much greater compared to those of its elements (Forootanfar et al., 2014; Mellinas et al., 2019; Tapiero et al., 2003; Zhai et al., 2017).…”

“…Also, selenium prevents the accumulation of free radicals in cells and the formation of cancer cells (Tapiero, Townsend, & Tew, 2003). Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) had been reported to have potential antioxidant performance and antimicrobial activity (Khiralla & El‐deeb, 2015; Mellinas, Jiménez, & Garrigós, 2019). Moreover, low toxicity of biogenic SeNPs has been reported compared to the toxicity of selenium dioxide at the same concentration on the MCF‐7 cell line (Forootanfar et al., 2014) and on larva (Khiralla & El‐deeb, 2015).…”

“…Moreover, chitosan has been shown to be useful in the development of biologically active substances (Manigandan, Karthik, Ramachandran, & Rajagopal, 2018). Because of its bioavailability, enhancing the stability of selenium in digestive enzymes environment, and low toxicity, chitosan has been used as a stabilizer for SeNP (Bai et al., 2020; Mellinas et al., 2019; Zhai et al., 2017).…”

“…Also, selenium prevents the accumulation of free radicals in cells and the formation of cancer cells (Tapiero, Townsend, & Tew, 2003). Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) had been reported to have potential antioxidant performance and antimicrobial activity (Khiralla & El-deeb, 2015;Mellinas, Jiménez, & Garrigós, 2019).…”

Encapsulation of Bioactive Compounds from Aloe Vera Agrowastes in Electrospun Poly (Ethylene Oxide) Nanofibers

“…Among them, DPPH, FRAP and ABTS methods have been widely used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of many pure compounds and natural extracts [96][97][98]. In addition, these methods have been extensively applied to study the antioxidant activity of different types of materials such as fibres produced by electrospinning [99][100][101][102], films for active packaging systems [103][104][105], and nanoparticles [106,107]. These methods were used in the present study to determine the antioxidant activity of the PEO/AVE nanofibers.…”