Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Ricinine from Ricinus communis Leaves

Abstract

The alkaloid ricinine (3-cyano-4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-pyridone) is found in different parts of the Ricinus communis plant and is known to possess several bioactive properties, including strong antioxidant activity. In this study, a new microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method was developed for the recovery of ricinine from R. communis leaves. The extraction variables studied were extraction temperature (between 125 °C and 175 °C), microwave power (between 500 W and 1000 W), extraction time (between 5 min and 15 min), extraction solvent (between 10% and 90% of EtOAc in MeOH), and solvent-to-sample ratio (between 25:1 mL and 50:1 mL of solvent per gram of the sample). On studying the effects of extraction variables, both solvent and liquid-to-solid ratio were found to exhibit the highest effects on ricinine recovery. A fast (15 min) microwave-assisted extraction method was developed (high temperatures can be applied because the stability of ricinine is proven in the literature), allowing for the recovery of ricinine from R. communis leaves. The study revealed that R. communis leaves had almost 1.5 mg g−1 (dried weight) of ricinine.

Effect of Salicylic Acid in the Yield of Ricinine in Ricinus communis under Greenhouse Condition

“…On the other hand, Flores-Macías et al [29] found concentrations in the methanolic extracts of areal parts of R. commuis (894, 101, 103 and 104.2 µg mL −1 ). In this work, the concentrations of the methanolic extracts were similar to those reported by Nebo et al [32], where the concentrations ranged from 0.92 to 1.58 mg g −1 . However, the values for the concentrations in this study were lower than those reported by Flores-Macías et al [29], which were between 9.17 and 18.25 µg mL −1 .…”

“…The ricinine concentrations in the control group were similar to those reported by Nebo et al [32] (1.3921 to 1.442 mg g −1 ) in leaves of the methanolic extract of R. communis. On the other hand, Flores-Macías et al [29] found concentrations in the methanolic extracts of areal parts of R. commuis (894, 101, 103 and 104.2 µg mL −1 ).…”

Response Surface Modelling of Six Organic Acids from Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Its Determination by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry

“…Selecting the appropriate extraction technology and optimizing relevant process parameters can greatly reduce the time and economic costs of extraction processes [11]. There are many methods for extracting the active ingredients of natural medicines, including solvent extraction (SE) [12], steam distillation (SD) [13], ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) [14], microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) [15], supercritical-fluid extraction (SFE) [16], enzyme hydrolysis (EH) [17], and other methods [18]. Among them, UAE has the advantages of simple extraction, convenient operation, high extraction efficiency, and short extraction time, making it the most commonly used process [19].…”

Design‐Expert a Powerful Tool for Optimizing Organic Synthesis: A Green and Facile Multicomponent Synthesis of New 2‐Pyridone‐pyrimidine Derivatives by p‐Toluene Sulfonic Acid in Water

“…[2] One class of these bioactive natural compounds is the 4hydroxy-2-pyridone (HPO) alkaloid. [3] HPO derivatives are sixmembered heterocycles that are mainly produced by fungi [4] or some plants [5] and cause pathogenicity or incapacitate insects and regulate insect behavior. [6] These compounds have many biological activities such as antifungal (Oxysporidinone; A), [7] antibiotic (Ricinine; B), [8] insecticidal (Ilicicolin; C), [9] cytotoxic, [10] neurotoxic, [11] anti-proliferative, [12] antibacterial, [13] and anti-oxidant (Mannich base of 4-hydroxy pyridine; D) [14] (Figure 1).…”