Abstract:Levulinic acid is considered as one the most important platform chemicals. It is currently produced mainly from lignocellulosic biomasses. However, there are also other abundant biomass materials, which could be used as raw materials for levulinic acid production. In this work levulinic acid was produced from two novel biomasses in the presence of Brønsted (H 2 SO 4) and Lewis acid (CrCl 3. 6H 2 O or AlCl 3. 6H 2 O) catalysts. The studied materials were carbohydrate-rich potato peel waste and sporocarps of the… Show more
“…The runs exhibiting zero FAME were almost exclusively characterized by the low H 2 SO 4 concentration stressing the importance of acid in the esterification component of the extractionesterification process occurring in the microwave vessel. This trend is also observed in similar extraction/reaction experiments [30,31]. In terms of the fatty acid concentration, relating to the extraction component of the extractionesterification process, the highest concentrations of FA were also found from runs utilizing the maximum values for methanol:heptane volume ratio and H 2 SO 4 concentration suggesting a role for both the acid and methanol in the initial extraction of the fatty acid from the POME matrix.…”
This investigation explores single-step biodiesel synthesis using palm oil mill effluent (POME) as a feedstock. Normally considered a waste product from the extraction process of palm oil, POME treatment is difficult and can cause significant environmental pollution if discharged directly into watercourses. Fatty acids (FAs) present in POME were extracted and subsequently esterified in situ to FA methyl esters (FAME) suitable for use as biodiesel. The process of simultaneous extraction and esterification was performed under microwave irradiation in a sealed vessel, which has been shown to reduce both time of reaction and energy use considerably in other reactions. The simultaneous extraction and esterification result in an 89% yield of biodiesel from the available FAs in the POME solids. The facile separation of biodiesel products from the reaction mixture augments the process and here presented is a potential route to making economic use of this difficult feedstock.
“…The runs exhibiting zero FAME were almost exclusively characterized by the low H 2 SO 4 concentration stressing the importance of acid in the esterification component of the extractionesterification process occurring in the microwave vessel. This trend is also observed in similar extraction/reaction experiments [30,31]. In terms of the fatty acid concentration, relating to the extraction component of the extractionesterification process, the highest concentrations of FA were also found from runs utilizing the maximum values for methanol:heptane volume ratio and H 2 SO 4 concentration suggesting a role for both the acid and methanol in the initial extraction of the fatty acid from the POME matrix.…”
This investigation explores single-step biodiesel synthesis using palm oil mill effluent (POME) as a feedstock. Normally considered a waste product from the extraction process of palm oil, POME treatment is difficult and can cause significant environmental pollution if discharged directly into watercourses. Fatty acids (FAs) present in POME were extracted and subsequently esterified in situ to FA methyl esters (FAME) suitable for use as biodiesel. The process of simultaneous extraction and esterification was performed under microwave irradiation in a sealed vessel, which has been shown to reduce both time of reaction and energy use considerably in other reactions. The simultaneous extraction and esterification result in an 89% yield of biodiesel from the available FAs in the POME solids. The facile separation of biodiesel products from the reaction mixture augments the process and here presented is a potential route to making economic use of this difficult feedstock.
“…These diminishments indicated that higher temperatures reduced the reaction time required to reach equilibrium conditions. Nevertheless, Lappalainen et al 160 demonstrated that the reaction time must be controlled carefully. At 180 o C, the LA yield obtained at 40 min was higher than that with a 50 min processing time, due to the decomposing of LA when prolonged reaction times are used.…”
The sustainable conversion of biomass into biofuels, chemicals and biomaterials has gained increasing attention to ensure the well-being of present and future generations. Among the different technologies available to date...
“…As high as a 56% LA yield could be obtained at 180 • C for 60 min in 0.3 M H 2 SO 4 and 7.5 mM CrCl 3 . In addition, potato peel waste and Cortinarius armillatus were also efficiently transformed into LA under the similar reaction conditions with the yields of 49% and 62%, respectively [98]. Bamboo biomass, rubber wood, and palm oil frond were directly converted in LA using dicationic acidic ionic liquids, with a higher yield of LA (47.5%) from bamboo biomass at 110 • C for 60 min [99].…”
Section: Homogeneous Catalysts For the Levulinic Acid Productionmentioning
Efficient conversion of renewable biomass into value-added chemicals and biofuels is regarded as an alternative route to reduce our high dependence on fossil resources and the associated environmental issues. In this context, biomass-based furfural and levulinic acid (LA) platform chemicals are frequently utilized to synthesize various valuable chemicals and biofuels. In this review, the reaction mechanism and catalytic system developed for the generation of furfural and levulinic acid are summarized and compared. Special efforts are focused on the different catalytic systems for the synthesis of furfural and levulinic acid. The corresponding challenges and outlooks are also observed.
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