Microvascular and Endothelial Dysfunction in Prediabetes

Abstract

Prediabetes is a significant metabolic status since there is high potential for future progression of diabetes mellitus (DM). People with prediabetes are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. Endothelial and microvascular dysfunction is considered a key step towards the development and progression of CVD. Importantly, endothelial and microvascular dysfunction can be detected and monitored using non-invasive procedures in peripheral organs and tissues, including the retina, kidney, skin and skeletal muscle. Structural and functional alterations of the microvasculature have been consistently documented in the above microvascular beds in patients with diabetes mellitus. In contrast, such alterations remain understudied in prediabetes, but are currently receiving attention as markers of subclinical and future CVD. The aim of this review is to summarize available evidence regarding the presence of subclinical microvascular and endothelial dysfunction in prediabetes and their impact on cardiovascular risk.

The Role of Probiotics in Managing Glucose Homeostasis in Adults with Prediabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Criteria. The literature we searched had to meet the following criteria: (1) RCTs; (2) written in English; (3) focus on adults ≥ 18 years without diabetes; (4) meet the diagnostic criteria for prediabetes (WHO and ADA) [2,3]; (5) probiotic is used in their intervention group, placebo is used in their control group; (6) if at least one of the following data were included: glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and body mass index (BMI). Exclusion criteria include the following: (1) non-RCT design, such as study protocols, similar meta-analysis, reviews, case reports, commentaries, or animal trials; (2) S1).…”

“…The American Diabetes Association (ADA) states that as many as 70% of people with prediabetes will eventually develop diabetes within their lifetime [3]. Effective treatment of prediabetes is crucial, as observational studies have linked it to an increased risk of both microvascular and macrovascular diseases [4][5][6]. However, lifestyle improvement and medication for adult patients with prediabetes have limitations and side effects [7][8][9].…”

Evaluating the impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus on pulmonary vascular function and the development of pulmonary fibrosis

“…Prediabetes shares standard pathophysiological features with T2DM, including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and chronic low-grade inflammation, which can exert detrimental effects on the pulmonary vasculature and lung parenchyma ( 89 , 90 ). Emerging evidence suggests a potential interconnection between prediabetes and pulmonary health, raising intriguing questions about the systemic impact of metabolic disturbances on respiratory function ( 13 , 91 – 93 ).…”

Advances and Perspectives in Relation to the Molecular Basis of Diabetic Retinopathy—A Review

“…Oxidative stress is closely related to DDAH activity, which further affects ADMA concentrations in patients with diabetes [78,79]. Increased oxidative stress contributes to elevated ADMA, and by the upregulation of circulating markers of oxidative stress, increased serum ADMA concentration is associated with increased vascular oxidative stress [80][81][82]. ADMA accumulation was first reported in patients characterized by endothelial dysfunction including hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension [83,84].…”