Microtubule Sensors and Sensor Array Based on Polyaniline Synthesized in the Presence of Poly(styrene sulfonate)

Abstract

Microtubule sensors for glucose, urea, and triglyceride were fabricated based on poly(styrene sulfonate)-polyaniline (PSS-PANI) composites synthesized within the pores of track-etched polycarbonate membranes. The synthesis of a sufficiently thick and conducting PSS-PANI film at pH 5 provided the advantage of immobilizing enzymes during polymerization. This resulted in the improvement of sensor response for urea and triglyceride by a factor of approximately 10(2) with a significant increase in the linear region of response compared to polyaniline-based sensors, where the enzymes were immobilized by physical adsorption after the polymerization. The sensors based on urea and triglyceride were found to have a higher linear range of response, better sensitivity, improved multiple use capability, and faster response time compared to the potentiometric and amperometric sensors based on polyaniline. A microtubule sensor array for glucose, urea, and triglyceride based on PSS-PANI was fabricated by immobilization of three different sets of enzymes on three closely spaced devices and its response was found to be free from cross-interference when a sample containing a mixture of the above analytes was analyzed in a single measurement.

Synthesis of Polyaniline Nanotubes with a Reactive Template of Manganese Oxide

“…Self-assembly methods produce nanotubes by forming nanostructural micelles. [17][18][19][20][21][22] The templates for making PAni nanotubes include track-etched polycarbonate and porous alumina, [23,24] and silica or polystyrene microspheres for producing hollow shells. [25][26][27] These templates are not involved in the reaction and must be selectively removed from the final products in some applications.…”

Electrochemical Arrays for Bioassay Applications

“…Another creative approach to enzyme electrode arrays, with minimization or elimination of crosstalk between elements by cosubstrates or products, has been reported by Kanungo et al [37]. This group employed three different immobilized enzyme systems in which the enzymes were immobilized during electrosynthesis of poly(styrenesulfonate)-polyaniline composite films on track-etched polycarbonate membranes.…”

Affinity Biosensors Based on Electropolymerized Films

“…This research direction was opened by Martin et al who reported the mixed chemical and electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole microcapsules within the cylindrical pores (diameter 400 nm) of polycarbonate membranes (thickness 10 mm) [116]. A similar approach recently was devoted to the fabrication of polyaniline microtubules [117]. Besides the use of membranes for templated electropolymerization, another possibility consists of exploiting DNA as template for electrogenerating polymeric nanowires from preassembled aniline monomers [118].…”