Microstructure, mechanical properties and biocompatibility of laser metal deposited Ti–23Nb coatings on a NiTi substrate

Surface modified NiTi smart biomaterials: Surface engineering and biological compatibility

“…Simply put, the more the coating is corrosion resistant, the lower Ni is leached out [37]. It is possible to minimize the concentration of the released Ni by controlling the operating parameters and increasing the number of the deposited layers [36,38,39]. As a novel strategy, the surface of NiTi can be modified by heat treatment under a He and H2 atmosphere.…”

“…The concentration of Ni released is reduced by surface modification and there is higher concentration of Ni within the HUVEC when using He atmosphere, highlighting the importance of the operating process [36]. The application of a layered system, in which there is no Ni near the outer layer is a feasible approach to decrease the concentration of the leached Ni [22,38]. For instance, the concentration of Ni ions released from NiTi decreases by 90 and 93% with the deposition of HAp and (nitride layer/HAp/ciprofloxacin) three-layered system, respectively [22].…”