Microstructure and inclusion of Ti–6Al–4V fabricated by selective laser melting

Huang, Qianli; Hu, Ningmin; Yang, Xing; Zhang, Ranran; Feng, Qingling

doi:10.1007/s11706-016-0354-8

Cited by 19 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Inclusions may cause the deformation behaviour of a α martensite Ti-6Al-4V microstructure, developed using SLM, to be different from a similar acicular α martensite Ti-6Al-4V microstructure formed from classical heat treatment and rapid cooling. The inclusions are formed on the melt pool's surface and include hard-alpha (α), amorphous CaO, and microcrystalline Al 2 O 3 [48]. The influence of inclusions on the micro-mechanical behaviour of the material requires further investigation.…”

Section: Micro-mechanism Contributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the As-Built SLM Ti-6Al-4V Mechanical Properties towards Achieving Fatigue Resistant Designs

Agius

Kourousis

Wallbrink

2018

Metals

165

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Ti-6Al-4V has been widely used in both the biomedical and aerospace industry, due to its high strength, corrosion resistance, high fracture toughness and light weight. Additive manufacturing (AM) is an attractive method of Ti-6Al-4V parts' fabrication, as it provides a low waste alternative for complex geometries. With continued progress being made in SLM technology, the influence of build layers, grain boundaries and defects can be combined to improve further the design process and allow the fabrication of components with improved static and fatigue strength in critical loading directions. To initiate this possibility, the mechanical properties, including monotonic, low and high cycle fatigue and fracture mechanical behaviour, of machined as-built SLM Ti-6Al-4V, have been critically reviewed in order to inform the research community. The corresponding crystallographic phases, defects and layer orientations have been analysed to determine the influence of these features on the mechanical behaviour. This review paper intends to enhance our understanding of how these features can be manipulated and utilised to improve the fatigue resistance of components fabricated from Ti-6Al-4V using the SLM technology.

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Section: Micro-mechanism Contributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the As-Built SLM Ti-6Al-4V Mechanical Properties towards Achieving Fatigue Resistant Designs

Agius

Kourousis

Wallbrink

2018

Metals

165

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“…However, their excessive cost and difficulty in processing them severely narrow the expanding application of this alloy. Alternatively, as a near-net forming technique, the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) can shorten the machining process and improve the mechanical performance; thus, it has attracted extensive attentions from the researchers around the world willing to apply this method to manufacture the Ti-6Al-4V alloy structured parts [ 6 , 7 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Powder Bed Temperature on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion

et al. 2021

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Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is being increasingly used in the fabrication of complex-shaped structure parts with high precision. It is easy to form martensitic microstructure in Ti-6Al-4V alloy during manufacturing. Pre-heating the powder bed can enhance the thermal field produced by cyclic laser heating during LPBF, which can tailor the microstructure and further improve the mechanical properties. In the present study, all the Ti-6Al-4V alloy samples manufactured by LPBF at different powder bed temperatures exhibit a near-full densification state, with the densification ratio of above 99.4%. When the powder bed temperature is lower than 400 °C, the specimens are composed of a single α′ martensite. As the temperature elevates to higher than 400 °C, the α and β phase precipitate at the α′ martensite boundaries by the diffusion and redistribution of V element. In addition, the α/α′ lath coarsening is presented with the increasing powder bed temperature. The specimens manufactured at the temperature lower than 400 °C exhibit high strength but bad ductility. Moreover, the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength reduce slightly, whereas the ductility is improved dramatically with the increasing temperature, when it is higher than 400 °C.

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“…The result is a topography map (3D point cloud corresponding to a field of view of 28x15 mm with 6.8 µm/pixel resolution) of both the scanned slice and the un-melted powder surface. Land et al (2015) and Zhang et al (2016) showed that this measurement system is suitable to measure the height profile of each layer. Zhang et al (2016) showed that surface patterns of the scanned slice can be captured as well.…”

Section: Off-axial Sensingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inhomogeneities of the microstructure include i) impurities, ii) grain size characteristics and iii) crystallographic textures (Sharratt, 2015). Impurities in the material include inclusions, contaminations from other materials and formations of surface oxides (Niu and Chang, 1999;Huang et al, 2016). The presence of unfused powders within pores and/or in the form of satellite powder clumps were discussed by some authors (Smith et al, 2016, Niu andChang, 1999).…”

Section: Geometric Defects and Dimensional Accuracymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, Krauss et al (2014) proposed evaluating the local maximum temperature and the cool-down behaviour in terms of a characteristic time as well. A spatial mapping of local slice heights was discussed by different authors (Zhang et al, 2016;Neef et al, 2014;Land et al, 2015). In this case, a threshold for the maximum allowed height might be defined and used to automatically signal the occurrence of super-elevated edges.…”

Section: Slice Monitoring and Geometry Reconstructionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Process defects andin situmonitoring methods in metal powder bed fusion: a review

Grasso

Colosimo

2017

Meas. Sci. Technol.

580

246

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Despite continuous technological enhancements of metal Additive Manufacturing (AM) systems, the lack of process repeatability and stability still represents a barrier for the industrial breakthrough. The most relevant metal AM applications currently involve industrial sectors (e.g., aerospace and bio-medical) where defects avoidance is fundamental. Because of this, there is the need to develop novel in-situ monitoring tools able to keep under control the stability of the process on a layer-by-layer basis, and to detect the onset of defects as soon as possible. On the one hand, AM systems must be equipped with in-situ sensing devices able to measure relevant quantities during the process, a.k.a. process signatures. On the other hand, in-process data analytics and statistical monitoring techniques are required to detect and localize the defects in an automated way. This paper reviews the literature and the commercial tools for insitu monitoring of Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) processes. It explores the different categories of defects and their main causes, the most relevant process signatures and the in-situ sensing approaches proposed so far. Particular attention is devoted to the development of automated defect detection rules and the study of process control strategies, which represent two critical fields for the development of future smart PBF systems.

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Microstructure and inclusion of Ti–6Al–4V fabricated by selective laser melting

Cited by 19 publications

References 11 publications

A Review of the As-Built SLM Ti-6Al-4V Mechanical Properties towards Achieving Fatigue Resistant Designs

A Review of the As-Built SLM Ti-6Al-4V Mechanical Properties towards Achieving Fatigue Resistant Designs

Influence of Powder Bed Temperature on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Process defects andin situmonitoring methods in metal powder bed fusion: a review

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