Microstructural Variations in Commercial Carbon Blacks

Hess, W. M.; Ban, L. L.; Eckert, F. J.; Chirico, V. E.

doi:10.5254/1.3547174

Cited by 28 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Nevertheless, the early studies of Hall (1948) and recent work of other authors (Heckman & Harling, 1966;Hess & Ban, 1966;Hess, Ban, Eckert & Chirico, 1968) indicate a tendency toward concentric alignment with the layer planes roughly parallel to the surface of the particles. This tendency is most pronounced for those crystallites situated at or near the surface.…”

Section: Crystallite Alignmentmentioning

confidence: 95%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A test object and criteria for high resolution electron microscopy

Heidenreich¹,

Hess²,

Ban³

1968

J Appl Crystallogr

Self Cite

320

116

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The desirability and requirements for a specimen capable of testing the resolving power and other image characteristics of an electron microscope are discussed in detail. In this discussion, the underlying diffraction phenomena are particularly utilized. A partially graphitized carbon black is shown to satisfy the requirements extremely well and constitutes an easily prepared specimen for conducting tests of image quality in the molecular size range. The structure of the test object is known in detail with the result that readily interpretable phase contrast images are obtained. Micrographs illustrating the use of the 3.4/~ (002) spacing for magnification calibration, astigmatism and asymmetry check as well as resolving power are exhibited. The second order c-spacing of 1.7 ,~ is occasionally found in an image. The micrographs shown herein were taken with two different electron microscopes by different operators obtaining the same structural detail in the images. It is concluded that the carbon black test object offers the best possibilities for evaluating image performance of any specimen yet suggested. Introductory discussionThe rapidly increasing interest in electron microscopy of structures in the molecular size range poses several problems among which specimen preparation, contrast interpretation and performance testing of instruments are paramount. This paper is concerned with the last mentioned subject since the primary requirement is presently a knowledge of the performance and ability of the microscope itself.Although discussions and theoretical treatments of resolution and resolving power have continued for many years, there is still no general agreement on a test object for quickly evaluating image quality. Lattice images exhibiting interplanar spacings down to about 1.2 A~ have been obtained by means of optimum tilting of the illumination to minimize spherical and chromatic aberration. The resolving power so obtained is not isotropic, however, and there has been a tendency to de-emphasize these results as not indicative of the highly desirable 'point-to-point' resolution. The criterion of point-to-point or isotropic resolving power requires well aligned, axial illumination along with compensation of objective lens asymmetry and astigmatism. Yada & Hibi (1966) have demonstrated lattice image spacings of 1.81 A, using axial illumination. This is point-to-point resolving power even though the contrast mechanism be phase rather than diffraction contrast. Major factors in phase contrast are source stability and coherence, the latter being greatly improved by the use of pointed filaments as earlier shown by Hibi (1962). Since the contrast to be realized in the molecular domain of structure is predominantly phase contrast (Thon, 1966), the coherence of the source is highly important. Two methods of estimating resolving power that have been in use for some time are the edge contour width suggested by Haine (1961) and the finely divided evaporated metal specimens. The experience of a number of workers seems...

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Section: Crystallite Alignmentmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…This is well illustrated in the dark field micrographs of Fig.3 which give stereoscopic depth effect. The method of dark field stereo-micrographs was discovered during examination of dark field focal sequences (Hess, Ban, Eckert & Chirico, 1968).…”

Section: Diffraction Contrastmentioning

confidence: 99%

A test object and criteria for high resolution electron microscopy

Heidenreich¹,

Hess²,

Ban³

1968

J Appl Crystallogr

Self Cite

320

116

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“…One important attempt to examine this problem is to use the approach established by Ayala et a1. * and Hess et ai.l4,l5 by defining an interaction parameter derived from both static and dynamic moduli, o h . This parameter has been applied to the study of different kinds of elastomers and series of carbon blacks.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tin‐coupled styrene‐butadiene rubbers (SBRs). Relationship between coupling type and properties

Quiteria

Sierra

Gómez‐Fatou

et al. 1997

Angew. Makromol. Chem.

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Following the development of new SBRs for tyre applications, several kinds of tin-polymer bonds (styryl-, butadienyl-, isoprenyl-and a-methylstyryltin) have been studied, in both branched and linear chains.Dynamic-mechanical properties of the carbon black vulcanizates have been analyzed to establish a relationship between structural parameters of polymers and compound properties. The filler-polymer interaction parameter, defined by a ratio of mechanical and dynamic terms, has been used for the evaluation of the compounds. The introduction of different types of tin-polymer bonds, in branched and linear chains of the SBRs, implies an improvement in the hysteresis properties of the vulcanizates as well as a modification of the interaction parameter. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG:Zur Entwicklung von neuen Styrol-Butadien-Kautschuken (SBRs) fur Reifenanwendungen sind mehrere Arten von Zinn-Polymer-Bindungen (Styryl-, Butadienyl-, Isoprenyl-and a-Methylstyryl-Zinn) sowohl in linearen als auch in verzweigten Ketten untersucht worden. Die dynamisch-mechanischen Eigenschaften von Vulkanisaten mit RUB wurden analysiert, um eine Beziehung zwischen den Strukturparametern der Polymeren und den Materialeigenschaften herzustellen. Der Polymer-Fullstoff-Wechselwirkungsparameter, der durch das Verhaltnis von mechanischen und dynamischen Termen definiert ist, wurde zur Charakterisierung der Verbindungen herangezogen. Der Einbau von verschiedenen Zinn-Polymer-Bindungen in lineare und in verzweigte SBR-Ketten bewirkte eine Verbesserung der Hystereseeigenschaften der Vulkanisate und eine Veranderung des Wechselwirkungsparameters.

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“…Thermal treatment is the most common route to modulate the structure and property of CB. [20][21][22][23][24] For example, the crystallinity and electric conductivity can be signicantly improved by high temperature graphitization. 7,10,21 Interestingly, a structural transformation of carbon nanoparticles from solid nanospheres to hollow nano-polyhedra through high temperature treatment has been realized in the previous works.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7,10,21 Interestingly, a structural transformation of carbon nanoparticles from solid nanospheres to hollow nano-polyhedra through high temperature treatment has been realized in the previous works. [20][21][22][23][24][25][26] But clear observation and deep investigation of this transformation process are still absent so far. In particular, the structural transformation process at different temperatures is not revealed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%