Understanding the structural transformation of carbon black from solid spheres to hollow polyhedra during high temperature treatment

Abstract

Carbon black nanoparticles with a solid skin–core structure gradually transform to hollow nanopolyhedra when treated above 1800 °C.

Comparative Study of Gold and Carbon Nanoparticles in Nucleic Acid Lateral Flow Assay

“…The structure of the CNPs in CB is composed of a system of condensed carbon aromatic rings that are deposited forming sheets of different sizes and alignment. These sheets are placed randomly through an axis and are attached to each other by π−π stacking, overlapping one another to form the primary unit of the structure, the primary particle or nodule [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Besides the nodules, CNPs in CB tend to form aggregates (85–500 nm) and agglomerates (1–100 μm) [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”

“…These extremely fine black powders are 97–99% elemental carbon aggregates ranging from tens to a few hundred nanometers. The microstructure of CNPs has been studied for many years [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ], and it is considered to be paracrystalline and highly complex, offering a material with high surface area, high stability, low density, and high mechanical strength [ 13 ]. The carbon black aggregates are the primary units that are discrete, rigid colloidal particles formed by fused spheres of graphitic carbon layers [ 13 ].…”

“…The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of CB define a 2D arrangement of the carbon hexagon layers that are superposed in random orientation with its adjacent layers. Although it cannot be considered an amorphous material, CB does not have a three-dimensional network structure like graphite [ 16 , 17 , 18 ]. CB is produced by the pyrolysis of hydrocarbons at temperatures above 1200 °C, and different classifications have been proposed according to its production process, its carbon feedstock, its application field, and the properties of the end-of-use products [ 13 ].…”

High Temperature Transformation, O2 Etching, and Passivation of Single SiOx Nanoparticles: Kinetics and Optical Properties as Structure Probes

“…Fully coordinated sp 2 carbon, such as that found in graphite basal planes, is unreactive toward O2 in this temperature range, 29 thus carbon NP passivation is attributed to isomerization to form surface layers with few under-coordinated reactive sites. Examples of fully coordinated surface structures include carbon nano-onions (multiwall fullerenes), which are known to form when carbon NPs are annealed, 28,30 and looped edge structures (carbon connecting across basal plane edges) observed to form when graphite is annealed. 31 The observation of strong fluctuations in reactivity as the NP begins to passivate, implies that during the isomerization process, the NP surface goes through time periods with high and low numbers of reactive surface sites.…”

High-Temperature Oxidation of Single Carbon Nanoparticles: Dependence on the Surface Structure and Probing Real-Time Structural Evolution via Kinetics

“…The fact that different carbon materials evolve at different rates presumably reflects the differences in the feedstock structure. For example, carbon black NPs become inert after losing only ∼10% of their initial mass, and this may reflect the fact that primary carbon black NPs are roughly spherical, lamellar structures of graphene-like platelets, 45 which could form nano-onions by linking the platelets together to form continuous layers. Thus, carbon black NPs would appear to require the least large-scale structural reorganization to "onionize".…”