Microsilica as antigen carrier and adjuvant in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.)

Efficacy of cellular vaccines and genetic adjuvants against bacterial kidney disease in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

“…In contrast, potent immunostimulators such as oil-based adjuvants frequently induce negative side effects in fish such as granulomatous lesions and adhesions [56e59]. Aqueous adjuvants such as microsilica and alum adjuvants can also induce adhesions [60] and growth impairment [61,62]. The absence of deleterious side effects of genetic adjuvants and the potential for fish-specific ISSs suggest that further exploration of these adjuvants is warranted.…”

Antigen in chitosan coated liposomes enhances immune responses through parenteral immunization

“…To overcome this, various materials are used to coat the liposome microcapsules such as silica and chitosan [48,49]. Moreover, the chitosan have antibacterial, immune stimulatory effect and most effective to increase the efficiency of conventional liposomes [49] than the silica which have some toxic side effect in fish [50]. In our study, we used chitosan to coat the liposome microcapsules used and the results obtained from parenteral immunization studies in fish showed that, chitosan coated liposome induced both specific and non-specific immune responses in fish, in comparison to other antigen preparations such as liposomes alone and FIA.…”