Microscopy and the Development of Free-Machining Steels

Watson, John

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-9084-8_13

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…When the Mn/Te value in steel is less than 10, iron telluride is formed. [ 49 ] The phase diagrams of Fe–Te and Mn–Te are shown in Figure 1 . These were drawn by Gupta et al [ 50 ] and Schlesinger, [ 51 ] respectively, and combined by Shen.…”

Section: Metallurgical Characteristics Of Te‐containing Steelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tellurium Treatment for the Modification of Sulfide Inclusions and Corresponding Industrial Applications in Special Steels: A Review

Tian

et al. 2022

steel research int.

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In 1782, Franz-Joseph Müller von Richenstein, a chemist, discovered a rare element with properties similar to those of selenium (Se). In 1798, Martin H. Klaproth, a German chemist, rediscovered this semi-metallic substance and named it tellurium (Te). [1] Te is mainly concentrated in scattered telluride minerals, sulfide mineral structure of most gold deposits, and bismuth tailings. However, in nature, Te appears in quantities that are considered negligible [2] and is mainly extracted from the ore. Generally, concentrations of 1% to 4% Te can be recovered from the anode slime of an electrolytic copper (Cu) refinery. [3] It has been reported that seafloor ferromanganese nodules are rich in Te; however, the recovery of seafloor minerals is still in its infancy. [3] In organic chemistry, Te can also be produced by the reaction of organic matter with metal compounds of Te. [4] Te plays an important role in chemicals, electronics, inorganic nonmetallic materials, metallurgy, and other industries. [5][6][7][8] Tellurides are considered excellent materials for thermoelectric technologies. [9][10][11][12][13] Te is also widely used nonferrous metallurgy and iron and steel metallurgy. Te can significantly improve the properties of Cu-, tin (Sn)-, and lead (Pb)-based alloys, steels, and cast irons. In the iron and steel metallurgical industry, Te is usually utilized as an added element in steels to refine the grains, regulate the morphology and occurrence state of sulfides in steels, and improve the mechanical properties of steels. [14,15] Te is widely used to increase the machinability of steels. Therefore, Te-bearing steel is typically used to manufacture parts with high precision, high surface quality, and rapid cutting. The forms of Te in different type of steel vary. In addition to the usual states of Fe 1.2 Te and MnTe, [16,17] PbTe [18] is formed in Pb-alloyed steels; Cr 2 Te 3 , [19,20] stainless steels; and CuTe, Cu-alloyed steels. [21] In addition, composite particles formed by telluride and sulfide have been reported in Te-treated sulfur (S)-bearing steel. [22][23][24] In recent years, Te has been added to S-bearing steels, such as free-cutting steel and medium-carbon microalloyed steel, also called nonquenched and tempered steel (NQTS) in China, to reduce the aspect ratio of sulfide and the anisotropy of steel. [23,24]

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Section: Metallurgical Characteristics Of Te‐containing Steelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tellurium Treatment for the Modification of Sulfide Inclusions and Corresponding Industrial Applications in Special Steels: A Review

Tian

et al. 2022

steel research int.

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“…In that case, most of the Te dissolves into the MnS inclusion, and few MnTe are generated. The mechanism of the modification of MnS inclusions are different [15] and will be discussed elsewhere. Figure 11 shows the average aspect ratio of inclusions in different equivalent diameter ranges.…”

Section: The Effect Of Te On the Aspect Ratio Of The Inclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Tellurium on the Formation of MnTe-MnS Composite Inclusions in Non-Quenched and Tempered Steel

Shen

Yang

Zhang

et al. 2018

Metals

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Te is a seldom-used alloying element, which is mainly used in free-machining steel. The Te content in this kind of steel is relatively low, and only a small amount of MnTe is generated. In previous studies, the effect of Te on the formation of inclusions was not fully studied. In order to clarify the mechanism, different amounts of tellurium were added into 38MnVS6 steel to form a certain amount of MnTe. The MnTe wrapped the MnS, forming a composite inclusion. With the increase of Te content in the steel, the diameter of inclusion increased, while the aspect ratio of inclusion varied little. The aspect ratio of most inclusions was in the range of 1~3. Besides, the MnS in the MnTe-MnS composite inclusions gradually changed from one big particle to several small particles. The solidification of the steel, as well as the precipitation of MnS and MnTe, was the main factor that affecting the formation of the composite inclusion. The mechanism of the process was systematically expressed in the current study.

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Study on the High‐Temperature Evolution and Formation Mechanism of Inclusions in Te‐Treated Resulfurized Special Steel

Shen

Zhang

et al. 2021

steel research int.

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Te can effectively modify MnS inclusion to improve the anisotropy and machinability of steel. To figure out the mechanism of high‐temperature evolution and formation of inclusions, a high‐temperature confocal laser scanning microscope is used to in situ observe the performance of inclusions. In the steel with 22 ppm Te, Te mainly dissolves in MnS; no MnTe is generated. During the heating process, MnS inclusion remains solid state and no obvious phase change can be observed. In comparison, MnS–MnTe binary inclusion in the steel with 680 ppm Te forms a liquid phase due to the eutectic melting. The further increase of temperature causes the serious evaporation of Te. Based on scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive spectrometry analysis and in situ observation of inclusions at high temperature, the formation mechanism of inclusions during solidification is proposed.

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Microscopy and the Development of Free-Machining Steels

Cited by 4 publications

References 36 publications

Tellurium Treatment for the Modification of Sulfide Inclusions and Corresponding Industrial Applications in Special Steels: A Review

Tellurium Treatment for the Modification of Sulfide Inclusions and Corresponding Industrial Applications in Special Steels: A Review

The Effect of Tellurium on the Formation of MnTe-MnS Composite Inclusions in Non-Quenched and Tempered Steel

Study on the High‐Temperature Evolution and Formation Mechanism of Inclusions in Te‐Treated Resulfurized Special Steel

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