Micronucleus Test of Picrorrhiza Rhizoma Aqueous Extract in Bone Marrow Cells of Male ICR Mice

Lee³

et al. 2023

Applied Sciences

Self Cite

Although the immunomodulatory effects of Astragali Radix extract (AR) have been documented, its anti-mutagenic activity, a problem arising from chemotherapeutic agents, is rarely reported. Therefore, the anti-mutagenic and immunomodulatory effects of AR were investigated using a cyclophosphamide (CPA)-induced immunosuppressed mouse model to develop an alternative immunomodulatory agent. The fluid-bed-dried aqueous extract of AR containing 37.5% dextrin and exopolymers purified from Aureobasidium pullulans SM-2001 (EAP) were used in this study. The therapeutic potentials of AR at doses ranging from 100 mg/kg to 400 mg/kg was estimated by a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) based cytotoxicity and splenocyte proliferation assay, body weight and lymphatic organ weight measurements, hematological measurements, serum and spleen cytokine level measurements, natural killer (NK) cell activity measurements, real-time RT-PCR expressions of splenic mRNA, a micronucleus test, histopathological observations, and immunohistochemical measurements. In CPA-treated mice, a clear immunosuppressive effect was observed for all tested parameters. However, the oral administration of AR (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) showed dose-dependent and favorable inhibitory activities on CPA-induced immunosuppression and mutagenicity as compared to 200 mg/kg EAP. Furthermore, AR (100–400 mg/kg) up-regulated the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-κB) which are related to NK-, T-, and B-cell activation, with no critical cytotoxicity. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that AR at an appropriate oral dose could act as a potential alternative agent with significant anti-mutagenicity and immunomodulatory properties.

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Anti-Mutagenic and Immunomodulatory Effects of Astragali Radix Extract on a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Mouse Model

Park

Lee³

et al. 2023

Applied Sciences

Self Cite

“…In the present study, mitomycin C used as a positive control, and it showed a significant increases of MNPCE ratios. This indicates that the experimental design and the results of the present study are acceptable [19]. The sensitivity, specificity and concordances of the Ames test are known to be 58.8, 73.9 or 62.5%, respectively [20].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

In vivo micronucleus test of 4-butylaniline and N-butylaniline to classify a chemical's mutagenicity according to the globally harmonized system of classification and labelling of chemicals (GHS)

Shin

et al. 2019

JABC

In vivo micronucleus tests were performed to investigate the mutagenic potential of 4-butylaniline and N-butylaniline, which are used in dye intermediates and organic intermediates respectively. Groups of 5 male ICR mice were treated with vehicle or 4-butylaniline for 2 consecutive days by oral gavage at concentrations of 0 (control), 64, 160, 400, and 1000 mg/kg. Statistically significant and dose-dependent increases were found for micronuclei frequencies in male mice (p <0.05). These results suggest that 4-butylaniline can induce genetic effects in the micronuclei of male mouse bone marrow cells. Based on the positive results obtained in cytogenetic analyses of somatic cells in vivo, Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals Category 2 was assigned. N-butylaniline was administered for 2 consecutive days by oral gavage to male ICR mice at dose of 0 (control), 64, 160, 400, and 800 mg/kg. Nbutylaniline tested negative for micronuclei induction in mice, although N-butylaniline was associated with micronucleus induction at the highest dose. Based on the negative results obtained for cytogenetic analyses of somatic cells in vivo, "Not Classified" was assigned.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

“…The micronucleus test is used to indicate the potential of genotoxic agents to influence chromosomal structure or destroy the mitotic spindle that controls chromosome number. An increase in the frequency of MNPCEs is regarded as a positive result of induced chromosomal damage ( 44 ). When DNA fragments or whole chromosomes are not incorporated into the main nuclei during mitosis, micronuclei are formed as small satellite structure nuclei ( 40 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotoxicity testing of Persicariae Rhizoma (Persicaria tinctoria H. Gross) aqueous extracts

Lee

Choi

Kang

et al. 2016

Persicariae Rhizoma (PR) has been used as an anti-inflammatory and detoxification agent in Korea, and contains the biologically active dyes purple indirubin and blue indigo. Despite synthetic indigo showing genotoxic potential, thorough studies have not been carried out on the genotoxicity of PR. The potential genotoxicity of an aqueous extract of PR containing indigo (0.043%) and indirubin (0.009%) was evaluated using a standard battery of tests for safety assessment. The PR extract did not induce any genotoxic effects under the conditions of this study. The results of a reverse mutation assay in four Salmonella typhimurium strains and one Escherichia coli strain indicated that PR extract did not increase the frequency of revertant colonies in any strain, regardless of whether S9 mix was present or not. The PR extract also did not increase chromosomal aberrations in the presence or absence of S9 mix. Although slight signs of diarrhea were restrictedly detected in the mice treated with 2,000 mg/kg PR extract, no noteworthy changes in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes were observed at doses ≤2,000 mg/kg in a bone marrow micronucleus test. These results indicate the potential safety of the PR extract, particularly if it is consumed in small amounts compared with the quantities used in the genotoxicity tests.