Microlepidoptera and their parasites reared from field collections in the Northeastern United States /

Schaffner, J b.

doi:10.5962/bhl.title.65860

Cited by 20 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…C. concinnata is a generalist parasitoid introduced from Europe to control the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) and the brown-tail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea L.) (Webber and Schaffner, 1926). C. concinnata attacks more than 180 species of native Lepidoptera (Schaffner and Griswold, 1934;Schaffner, 1959;Arnaud, 1978), produces three to four generations per year, and can reach very high local densities (Williams et al, 1992;Boettner, personal communication). In a field experiment carried out by Boettner et al (2000), not one of the 500 cecropia moth caterpillars (Hyalophora cecropia L.) released in central Massachusetts survived to pupation; C. concinnata accounted for 81% mortality.…”

Section: The Unique Environment Of Pitch Pine-scrub Oak Barrens and Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Shrubland Lepidoptera of southern New England and southeastern New York: ecology, conservation, and management

Wagner

Nelson

Schweitzer

2003

Forest Ecology and Management

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Sandplain and ridgetop pitch pine (Pinus rigida)-scrub oak (Quercus ilicifolia) barrens and other shrub-dominated natural communities (e.g., heathlands and maritime shrublands) are important habitats for rare Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) in southern New England and southeastern New York. Fifty-six species of conservation concern representing 11 families of Lepidoptera are recognized as dependent on shrubland habitats in this region, including 23% of Connecticut's state-listed Lepidoptera and 41% of state-listed moths and butterflies in Massachusetts. Sixteen (29%) of these 56 species utilize scrub oak as a larval host and eight species (14%) use lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium and V. pallidum). In addition to Lepidoptera, a wide diversity of other invertebrates is dependent on pine barrens and other shrublands. The importance of these habitats results from unique edaphic conditions and temperature regimes, as well as the structure, species composition, and phenology of the plant community. Pine barrens and other shrublands in the northeastern United States are threatened by destruction and fragmentation, as well as fire exclusion and other alterations of natural disturbance regimes. Active management, including the application of prescribed fire, mechanical cutting, or a combination of the two, is critical to the maintenance of habitat structure and species composition in barrens and other shrublands within human-dominated landscapes of the northeastern United States. #

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Section: The Unique Environment Of Pitch Pine-scrub Oak Barrens and Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Shrubland Lepidoptera of southern New England and southeastern New York: ecology, conservation, and management

Wagner

Nelson

Schweitzer

2003

Forest Ecology and Management

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“…Of the nine Episimus spp. established in Florida (Heppner 1994), only one species, Episimus argutanus (Clemens), is reported to be attacked by a diverse dipteran and hymenopteran parasitoid complex (Schaffner 1959). However, these parasitoids were recovered only from populations of E. argutanus surveyed in the northeastern United States, and their geographical distributions may not include Florida.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Biology and Laboratory Rearing ofEpisimus utilis(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a Candidate for Classical Biological Control of Brazilian Peppertree (Anacardiaceae) in Florida

et al. 2004

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“…On the other hand, there are data to suggest that at least some North American habitats have been widely aected by exotic parasitoids. The U.S. Department of Agriculture rearing program for Lepidoptera in the northeastern United States conducted from 1915 to 1929 reared parasitoids from at least 212 native species of Macrolepidoptera and 91 native species of Microlepidoptera (Schaner and Griswold 1934;Schaner 1959). Of the 71 macrolepidopteran and 31 microlepidopteran species for which sample sizes exceeded 200 individuals, 58 (81.7%) of the Macrolepidoptera and 5 (16.1%) of the Microlepidoptera were attacked by exotic parasitoids.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even so, the possibility that exotic enemies might move into native systems and disrupt them has been of concern to biological control workers since the major projects initiated against gypsy moth and brown-tail moth in 1905 (Schaner and Griswold 1934;Schaner 1959). This early concern has seen a recent resurgence, generating increasing discussion of the risk that alien natural enemies may pose to native fauna and¯ora (Townes 1971;GagneÂ and Howarth 1982;Howarth 1983Howarth , 1991Roberts 1986;Simberlo 1992;Carruthers and Onsager 1993;Samways 1994;Onstad and McManus 1996;Secord and Kareiva 1996;Simberlo and Stiling 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

The colonization of native phytophagous insects in North America by exotic parasitoids

Hawkins¹,

Marino

1997

Oecologia

110

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Classical biological control could have a major environmental cost if introduced natural enemies colonize and disrupt native systems. Although quantifying these impacts is difficult for systems already colonized by natural enemies, the a priori condition for such impacts can be evaluated based on the extent to which exotics have acquired native hosts. We use native host records for exotic parasitoids introduced into North America for biological control to document the number of exotic species that have been recorded from at least one native insect species. We also evaluate the ability of six biological and ecological variables to predict whether or not a parasitoid will move onto natives. Sixteen percent of 313 parasitoid species introduced against holometabolous pests are known from natives. Further, the likelihood that a parasitoid had colonized native hosts was largely unpredictable with respect to the independent variables. We conclude that given the quality of the data available either now or in the foreseeable future, coupled with inherent stochasticity in host shifts by parasitoids, there are no rules of thumb to assist biological control workers in evaluating if an introduced parasitoid will colonize native insect communities.

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Microlepidoptera and their parasites reared from field collections in the Northeastern United States /

Abstract: Larvae: July and August. Pupae: August and spring (hibernates in prepupal stage in cocoon). Adults: August, and June to early July. Generations: At least a partial second brood.

Cited by 20 publications

References 0 publications

Shrubland Lepidoptera of southern New England and southeastern New York: ecology, conservation, and management

Shrubland Lepidoptera of southern New England and southeastern New York: ecology, conservation, and management

Biology and Laboratory Rearing ofEpisimus utilis(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a Candidate for Classical Biological Control of Brazilian Peppertree (Anacardiaceae) in Florida

The colonization of native phytophagous insects in North America by exotic parasitoids

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