“…Table 2 summarises the optical imaging methods commonly used for visualization of fluid distribution, two-phase flow, solute transport, particle dynamic transport and reactive transport in micromodels. They include camera, microscope-camera, photoluminescent volumetric method, confocal microscopy, Raman microscopy, and micro particle image velocimetry (µPIV) [ 18 , 73 , 112 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 139 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 ]. Generally, these methods are low cost and probably represent the easiest option for imaging micromodels [ 5 ].…”