Microfluidic Applications of Artificial Cilia: Recent Progress, Demonstration, and Future Perspectives

Sahadevan, Vignesh; Panigrahi, Bivas; Chen, Chia Yuan

doi:10.3390/mi13050735

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 191 publications

(335 reference statements)

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“…As aforementioned robots, cilia may deliver drugs and perform object manipulation in vivo. An additional advantage of this bioinspired robot type is the ability to deliver liquid drugs to hard-to-reach places due to wireless microfluidic pumping [ 148 , 149 ] and provide a uniform mixing in the case of the simultaneous administration of several types of drugs [ 150 ]. Thus, artificial cilia are a promising platform for self-cleaning and droplet manipulation tasks inside cavities, mucous membranes, and body channels.…”

Section: Functional Magnetic Cilia and Tactile Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-Inspired Micro- and Nanorobotics Driven by Magnetic Field

et al. 2022

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In recent years, there has been explosive growth in the number of investigations devoted to the development and study of biomimetic micro- and nanorobots. The present review is dedicated to novel bioinspired magnetic micro- and nanodevices that can be remotely controlled by an external magnetic field. This approach to actuate micro- and nanorobots is non-invasive and absolutely harmless for living organisms in vivo and cell microsurgery, and is very promising for medicine in the near future. Particular attention has been paid to the latest advances in the rapidly developing field of designing polymer-based flexible and rigid magnetic composites and fabricating structures inspired by living micro-objects and organisms. The physical principles underlying the functioning of hybrid bio-inspired magnetic miniature robots, sensors, and actuators are considered in this review, and key practical applications and challenges are analyzed as well.

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Section: Functional Magnetic Cilia and Tactile Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-Inspired Micro- and Nanorobotics Driven by Magnetic Field

et al. 2022

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Within the field of mechanosensing, artificial cilia sensors have emerged as a new way of sensing and responding to changes in the environment, with potential applications ranging from environmental sensing to biomedical diagnostics and therapeutics. [9][10][11][12][13] The physiological ciliary structure consists of two components: a hairy structure that is capable of being distorted when exposed to force, and nerve cells (dendrite) that can detect this distortion. [14,15] This combination makes the ciliary structure exceptionally sensitive to even the smallest changes in its surrounding environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[14,15] This combination makes the ciliary structure exceptionally sensitive to even the smallest changes in its surrounding environment. [9][10][11][12][13] Therefore, the flexibility of ciliary mechanosensors allows for a wide range of potential applications, from detecting airflow, [16,17] water flow, [18,19] and recognizing their environment [20] for robots. Current artificial cilia-based sensors rely on piezoresistivity, capacitive, and magnetic stray field sensing mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D‐Printed Artificial Cilia Arrays: A Versatile Tool for Customizable Mechanosensing

et al. 2023

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Bio‐inspired cilium‐based mechanosensors offer a high level of responsiveness, making them suitable for a wide range of industrial, environmental, and biomedical applications. Despite great promise, the development of sensors with multifunctionality, scalability, customizability, and sensing linearity presents challenges due to the complex sensing mechanisms and fabrication methods involved. To this end, high‐aspect‐ratio polycaprolactone/graphene cilia structures with high conductivity, and facile fabrication are employed to address these challenges. For these 3D‐printed structures, an “inter‐cilium contact” sensing mechanism that enables the sensor to function akin to an on‐off switch, significantly enhancing sensitivity and reducing ambiguity in detection, is proposed. The cilia structures exhibit high levels of customizability, including thickness, height, spacing, and arrangement, while maintaining mechanical robustness. The simplicity of the sensor design enables highly sensitive detection in diverse applications, encompassing airflow and water flow monitoring, braille detection, and debris recognition. Overall, the unique conductive cilia‐based sensing mechanism that is proposed brings several advantages, advancing the development of multi‐sensing capabilities and flexible electronic skin applications in smart robotics and human prosthetics.

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“…As heat transport occurs due to temperature differences, the three primary mechanisms of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiation. Improving heat transport is important in a ciliated movement [15][16][17][18][19]. Akbar and Butt [20] investigated the viscoelastic fluid model under the impact of heat transfer to better understand the role of cilia in the respiratory system and its essential roles associated with fluid transport in the human body.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insight in Thermally Radiative Cilia-Driven Flow of Electrically Conducting Non-Newtonian Jeffrey Fluid under the Influence of Induced Magnetic Field

et al. 2022

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This paper investigates the mobility of cilia in a non-uniform tapered channel in the presence of an induced magnetic field and heat transfer. Thermal radiation effects are included in the heat transfer analysis. The Jeffrey model is a simpler linear model that uses time derivatives rather than convected derivatives as the Oldroyd-B model does; it depicts rheology other than Newtonian. The Jeffrey fluid model is used to investigate the rheology of a fluid with cilia motion. The proposed model examines the behavior of physiological fluids passing through non-uniform channels, which is responsible for symmetrical wave propagation and is commonly perceived between the contraction and expansion of concentric muscles. To formulate the mathematical modeling, the lubrication approach is used for momentum, energy, and magnetic field equations. The formulated linear but coupled differential equations have been solved analytically. Graphs for velocity profile, magnetic force function, induced magnetic field, current density, pressure rise, and heat profile are presented to describe the physical mechanisms of significant parameters. It is found that the eccentricity parameter of the cilia equations opposes the velocity and the magnetic force functions. The thermal radiation decreases the temperature profile while it increases for Prandtl and Eckert numbers. A promising impact of the magnetic Reynolds number and electric field on the current density profile is also observed.

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Microfluidic Applications of Artificial Cilia: Recent Progress, Demonstration, and Future Perspectives

Cited by 18 publications

References 191 publications

Bio-Inspired Micro- and Nanorobotics Driven by Magnetic Field

Bio-Inspired Micro- and Nanorobotics Driven by Magnetic Field

3D‐Printed Artificial Cilia Arrays: A Versatile Tool for Customizable Mechanosensing

Insight in Thermally Radiative Cilia-Driven Flow of Electrically Conducting Non-Newtonian Jeffrey Fluid under the Influence of Induced Magnetic Field

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