In recent years, there has been explosive growth in the number of investigations devoted to the development and study of biomimetic micro- and nanorobots. The present review is dedicated to novel bioinspired magnetic micro- and nanodevices that can be remotely controlled by an external magnetic field. This approach to actuate micro- and nanorobots is non-invasive and absolutely harmless for living organisms in vivo and cell microsurgery, and is very promising for medicine in the near future. Particular attention has been paid to the latest advances in the rapidly developing field of designing polymer-based flexible and rigid magnetic composites and fabricating structures inspired by living micro-objects and organisms. The physical principles underlying the functioning of hybrid bio-inspired magnetic miniature robots, sensors, and actuators are considered in this review, and key practical applications and challenges are analyzed as well.
A three-axis Hall transducer based on GaAs/AlGaAs/InGaAs microtubes has been fabricated. For measuring in-plane components of a magnetic field vector, the so-called vertical Hall devices or integrated magnetic concentrators are used [1]. Vertical Hall devices imply using bulk semiconductors (thickness ≈10 µm and over), and they do not admit the use of III-V quantum-well heterostructures, which, as a rule, offer a higher sensitivity and better temperature stability. The use of magnetic concentrators increases the dimensions of transducers and brings about into their characteristic some undesired features typical of
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