Microextraction in Urine Samples for Gas Chromatography: A Review

Abstract

Since the complexity origin of biological samples, the research trends have been directed to the development of new miniaturized sample preparation techniques. This review provides a comprehensive survey of past and present microextraction methods followed by GC analysis for preconcentration and determination of various analytes in urine samples. These techniques have been classified in three general groups, including liquid-, solid- and membrane-based techniques. The principal of different microextraction methods that are located in each general group as well as their various extraction modes and the recent developments introduced for them has been presented. Subsequently, a comparison survey has been carried out among different microextraction techniques and finally a future perspective has been predicted based on the existing literature.

Spectrophotometric Determination of carvedilol Via Oxidative Coupling Reaction

“…Many analytical methods have been established to determine dihydroxybenzene isomers, such as HPLC [7], fluorescence [8], chemiluminescence [9], spectrophotometry [10], GC-MS [11], and electrochromatography [12]. Among them, electrochemical methods have attracted evergrowing attention due to the advantages such as fast response, low cost, simple operation, faster analysis, high sensitivity, and excellent selectivity [13].…”

A review of new adsorbents for separation of BTEX biomarkers

“…Significant advantages of new microextraction techniques in sample preparation include automation, reduced extraction time, high efficiency, reduced solvent volume and short extraction time (Hill, 2003; Ouyang & Jiang, 2016; Pawliszyn, 2002). Owing to the great benefits of microextraction methods, there is a growing interest in the application of these methods in various fields, such as toxicology, biochemistry, food, medicine, cosmetics and the environment (de la Calle et al, 2016; Ocaña‐González et al, 2016; Rezazadeh et al, 2014). Microextraction techniques can be simultaneously applied for sampling and extracting BTEX compounds by sampling them in the air and applying the results to prepare the metabolites of these compounds in biological samples (Figure 1).…”

“…So far, several reviews on microextraction have focused on determining biomarkers in the metabolism of drugs, food, cosmetics, clinical samples and environmental pollution (de la Calle et al, 2016; Kataoka & Saito, 2011; Ocaña‐González et al, 2016; Rezazadeh et al, 2014; Roszkowska et al, 2019; Venson et al, 2019).…”