Microextraction by Packed Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Combined Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Levofloxacin in Human Plasma

Abstract

Fluoroquinolones are considered as gold standard for the prevention of bacterial infections. To improve assessment of antibacterial efficacy, a novel method for determination of levofloxacin was developed and validated. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as only green solvent were used as a porogen for preparation of water-compatible molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with a pseudotemplate. The DESs-MIPs were characterized in detail, including scanning electron microscope, nitrogen sorption porosimetry, and Fourier transform-infrared spectra. Clearly, the maximum binding capacity of levofloxacin on DESs-MIPs in water and methanol was 0.216 and 0.077 μmol g−1, respectively. The DESs-MIPs as adsorbing materials were applied in microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS), and the DESs-MIPs-MEPS conditions were optimized. The DESs-MIPs-MEPS coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) was used to determine levofloxacin in human plasma. The method was found linear over 0.05–10 μg mL−1 with coefficient of correlation equal to 0.9988. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.012 and 0.04 μg mL−1, respectively. At three spiked levels, the precision of proposed method was between 95.3% and 99.7% with intraday and interday relative standard deviations ≤8.9%. Finally, the developed method was used to examine levofloxacin from human plasma of 20 hospitalized patients after transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy, and the average concentration (±SD) of levofloxacin was 2.35 ± 0.99 μg mL−1 in plasma.

Polymer Science and Engineering Using Deep Eutectic Solvents

“…One of the most recent applications of DES is its use for the production of MIPs, either as medium or solvent [50,51], as MIPs modifier [51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63], as MIPs functional monomer [48,53,54,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72], and even as MIPs template [67,69] (Table 2). From the whole publications involving DES and polymers, more than 15% correspond to DES and MIPs, reported just in the last four years [18].…”

Recent molecularly imprinted polymers applications in bioanalysis

“…MIP-MEPS is a recent advancement of MEPS technology by application of MIP sorbents to optimize the selectivity and efficiency in various samples such as plasma, urine and waters (Daryanavard et al 2013 ; Prieto et al 2011a , b ). In 2019, Meng and Wang ( 2019 ) presented their findings on levofloxacin detection in human plasma using MEPS technique in conjunction with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were employed as pure porogen in this study to create DESs-MIPs.…”

“…Recently, there has been a notable increase in the use of high-efficiency novel methods for bioanalysis of antimicrobial compounds using MIP techniques, such as MMISPE, MIPF-SPME, MIP-MSPE, MIP-SPE-boronate affinity based, MIP-SPE, MMIdSPME, MIP-SPME, and so on. These methods have been used to extract and analyze a variety of antimicrobial substances such as parabens, levofloxacin, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, thiamphenicol, fluoroquinolones, linezolid, gatifloxacin, tylosin, amoxicillin, ceftazidime, melatonin, cefatoxime, daptomycin, ciprofloxacin, fluconazole, clindamycin, gentamicin, linezolid, moxifloxacin and metronidazole in blood, plasma, urine and serum samples (Pajewska-Szmyt et al 2020 ; Meng and Wang 2019 ; Wei et al 2016 ; Mirzajani and Kardani 2016 ; Szultka et al 2012 ; Xiao et al 2013 ; Zeng et al 2021 ; Parisa and Ameneh Porgham 2020 ). The procedures that have been employed for bioanalysis of parabens and levofloxacin are explained in the following paragraphs.…”

Involvement of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Extraction by Molecularly Imprinted Polymers—A Minireview

“…To investigate the kinetics of the adsorption process, the pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order models, and intraparticle diffusion model are used [38,39]. The latest results published in the last five years and evaluating the state-of-the-art of methods and technologies applied in the field of DES-MIPs utilization document a wide potential range of these systems in obtaining and/or purifying value-added substances [32,[35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51] (Table 1). Extraction methods using DES-MIPs show excellent adsorption ability and selectivity for the selection of templates or target compounds in case studies.…”