Microemulsion System for Topical Delivery of Thai Mango Seed Kernel Extract: Development, Physicochemical Characterisation and Ex Vivo Skin Permeation Studies

Abstract

A microemulsion system containing Thai mango seed kernel extract (MSKE, cultivar "Fahlun") was developed and characterised for the purpose of topical skin delivery. The MSKE-loaded microemulsions were prepared by using the spontaneous emulsification method. Isopropyl myristate (IPM) was selected as the oil phase. A polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate and sorbitan monododecanoate (1:1, w/w) system was used as the surfactant phase; an aqueous mixture of different cosurfactants (absolute ethanol, 96.3% v/v ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol or 1,2-propanediol) at a weight ratio of 1:1 was used as the aqueous phase. Among the cosurfactants studied, the 1-propanol aqueous mixture had the largest microemulsion region (48.93%) in the pseudo-ternary phase diagram. Microemulsions containing 1% MSKE demonstrated good physicochemical stability during a six-month study period at 25 ± 2 °C/60% ± 5% RH. The ex vivo skin permeation study demonstrated OPEN ACCESSMolecules 2014, 19 17108 that the microemulsions exhibited a potent skin enhancement effect allowing MSKE to penetrate skin layers up to 60-fold higher compared with the control. Neither skin irritation nor skin corrosion was observed in ex vivo studies. The present study revealed that IPM-based microemulsion systems may be promising carriers to enhance skin penetration and delivering MSKE for topical treatment.

Development, Characterization and Skin Interaction of Capsaicin-Loaded Microemulsion-Based Nonionic Surfactant

“…Previous studies reported that IPM (oil phase) is an effective penetration enhancer that not only enhances skin penetration by acting as a fluidizer of intercellular lipids but also affects the lipid-rich phase in the stratum corneum, thereby reducing its barrier function. 3,13,27,28) The flux of ME4-ME7 decreased as the S/CoS increased. These results indicated that the S/CoS ratio in the ME should be lower than 45% because high ratios of S/CoS in the ME simultaneously resulted in high efficacy and improved transepidermal water loss.…”

“…Our results corroborate those of a previous study showing that the type of S/CoS in the ME affected the skin permeation of capsaicin, whereas a high ratio of S/CoS did not. 13,28) The high S/CoS ratios may not have affected the skin permeation of ME but significantly affected the capsaicin content in ME formulations. Thus, the oil, water and S/CoS ratios significantly affected the skin permeation flux of ME (Fig.…”

Development and in vitro characterization of microemulsions of isotretinoin

“…Cross-polarized light microscopy is a suitable method for differentiating liquid crystals. Under cross-polarized light microscopy, birefringence can be observed for lamellar and hexagonal liquid crystals but no birefringence is observed for microemulsions 31 . In our study, the completely dark appearance under the polarized light microscope confirmed the isotropic nature of the prepared microemulsions.…”

“…All microemulsions exhibited Newtonian flow behavior (Fig. 5) due to their very low viscosity values as expected from microemulsions 10,15,17,31 .…”

Nutrients, phytochemical composition and antioxidant analysis of selected agricultural wastes as potential livestock feed ingredients

“…It can be canned, frozen as concentrates, mashed, dehydrated, minimally processed, or prepared as juices and jams (Masibo and He, 2009). It is estimated that 35-60% of the fruit is discarded as waste after processing (O'Shea et al, 2012), in the particular case of the seed, more than one million tons of mango seeds are annually produced as wastes, and these are not currently utilized for any commercial purposes (Leanpolchareanchai et al, 2014). After consumption of the pulp, the mango seed endocarps are usually dumped carelessly and thereby constituting a nuisance to the environment, especially during its season.…”