Microcellular Environmental Regulation of Silver Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy: A Critical Review

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) play significant roles in various cancer cells such as functional heterogeneity, microenvironmental differences, and reversible changes in cell properties (e.g., chemotherapy). There is a lack of targets for processes involved in tumor cellular heterogeneity, such as metabolic clampdown, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity, which hinders microenvironmental biology. Proteogenomics and chemical metabolomics are important tools that can be used to study proteins/genes and metabolites in cells, respectively. Chemical metabolomics have many advantages over genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics in anticancer therapy. However, recent studies with AgNPs have revealed considerable genomic and proteomic changes, particularly in genes involved in tumor suppression, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Metabolites interact biochemically with energy storage, neurotransmitters, and antioxidant defense systems. Mechanobiological studies of AgNPs in cancer metabolomics suggest that AgNPs may be promising tools that can be exploited to develop more robust and effective adaptive anticancer therapies. Herein, we present a proof-of-concept review for AgNPs-based proteogenomics and chemical metabolomics from various tumor cells with the help of several technologies, suggesting their promising use as drug carriers for cancer therapy.

Modulation of Innate Immune Toxicity by Silver Nanoparticle Exposure and the Preventive Effects of Pterostilbene

“…The present results suggested that reduced IL-1β could be associated with the impairment of the innate immune response caused by AgNPs. Previous studies have stated that AgNPs can activate various pathways, including the MAPK and NF-κB pathways, leading to the transcription of many genes involved in inflammatory responses and triggering harmful inflammatory responses [ 37 ]. However, a low dose of AgNPs slightly upregulated the expression of NF-κB and IL-1β , and these levels were downregulated with increasing doses.…”

Silver Nanoparticles as Carriers of Anticancer Drugs for Efficient Target Treatment of Cancer Cells

“…Covalent modifications are mainly based on direct chemical bonds and linker molecules. AgNPs can be coated with peptides, like for example CSG-LL37 peptide [63], antibodies, such as immunoglobulin G [64], polymers, like polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) [65], nucleic acids, such as DNA [66], and tumor markers [67] (Figure 2), thus increasing the effectiveness of target-directed drug release, and allowing its use in other applications, like in imaging techniques and target treatments with anticancer drugs, for example doxorubicin [5,68,69]. The state of the art of anticancer drugs coupled to AgNPs is discussed in following.…”

Combined Toxicity of Gas Plasma Treatment and Nanoparticles Exposure in Melanoma Cells In Vitro

“…The benefit of nanoparticles is the broad types of materials used together with a range of different functionalizations [ 18 ]. Their putative application for medical purposes has been recently summarized [ 19 , 20 , 21 ]. We here combined gas plasma treatment with nanoparticle exposure in three melanoma cell lines and found combined cytotoxicity in five out of seven nanoparticle types investigated.…”