Microbiota of the Dorsum of the Tongue After Plaque Accumulation: An Experimental Study in Humans

Faveri, Marcelo; Feres, Magda; Shibli, Jamil Awad; Hayacibara, Roberto F.; Hayacibara, Mitsue M.; Figueiredo, Luciene Cristina

doi:10.1902/jop.2006.050366

Cited by 66 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The concentration of lactic acid in the tongue coating is known to reach 6.7 to 7.8 mM after a sucrose rinse (26,27) due to the dominance of lactate-producing bacteria such as streptococci (5) and probably results in acidification of the tongue coating. Thus, in the tongue coating, changes in both pH and the lactate concentration may influence H 2 S production by Veillonella.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some cases of oral malodor are known to be linked with periodontitis (3,4), and thus various periodontitis-related bacterial species have been detected in the tongue coating (5,6). These findings also suggest that the tongue coating plays a role in the reservoir of such bacteria (5). Most of these bacteria have the ability to produce hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), one of the major components of oral malodor (7,8).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of pH and Lactate on Hydrogen Sulfide Production by Oral Veillonella spp

Washio

Shimada

Yamada

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Indigenous oral bacteria in the tongue coating such as Veillonella have been identified as the main producers of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), one of the major components of oral malodor. However, there is little information on the physiological properties of H 2 S production by oral Veillonella such as metabolic activity and oral environmental factors which may affect H 2 S production. Thus, in the present study, the H 2 S-producing activity of growing cells, resting cells, and cell extracts of oral Veillonella species and the effects of oral environmental factors, including pH and lactate, were investigated. Type strains of Veillonella atypica, Veillonella dispar, and Veillonella parvula were used. These Veillonella species produced H 2 S during growth in the presence of L-cysteine. Resting cells of these bacteria produced H 2 S from L-cysteine, and the cell extracts showed enzymatic activity to convert L-cysteine to H 2 S. H 2 S production by resting cells was higher at pH 6 to 7 and lower at pH 5. The presence of lactate markedly increased H 2 S production by resting cells (4.5-to 23.7-fold), while lactate had no effect on enzymatic activity in cell extracts. In addition to H 2 S, ammonia was produced in cell extracts of all the strains, indicating that H 2 S was produced by the catalysis of cystathionine ␥-lyase (EC 4.4.1.1). Serine was also produced in cell extracts of V. atypica and V. parvula, suggesting the involvement of cystathionine ␤-synthase lyase (EC 4.2.1.22) in these strains. This study indicates that Veillonella produce H 2 S from L-cysteine and that their H 2 S production can be regulated by oral environmental factors, namely, pH and lactate.O ral malodor is due to metabolic products of bacteria in the oral cavity, particularly those living on the dorsum of the tongue (1, 2). Some cases of oral malodor are known to be linked with periodontitis (3, 4), and thus various periodontitis-related bacterial species have been detected in the tongue coating (5, 6). These findings also suggest that the tongue coating plays a role in the reservoir of such bacteria (5). Most of these bacteria have the ability to produce hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), one of the major components of oral malodor (7,8). In a previous study (9), we focused on oral malodor in patients without oral diseases such as periodontitis or caries and found that the predominant H 2 S-producing bacteria were not periodontitis-related bacteria but were mainly indigenous bacteria of the oral cavity such as Veillonella and Actinomyces. Among these, Veillonella species, including V. atypica, V. dispar, and V. parvula, were dominant (9).Veillonella species are Gram-negative anaerobic micrococci that are frequently detected in the tongue coating (6, 9). These bacteria are asaccharolytic but utilize lactate, pyruvate, and oxaloacetate as energy sources. Although several studies have reported that Veillonella species produce H 2 S (1, 8, 10, 11), the metabolic properties of H 2 S production have not been fully understood. In the tongue coating, environmen...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of pH and Lactate on Hydrogen Sulfide Production by Oral Veillonella spp

Washio

Shimada

Yamada

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…[6][7][8][9][10][11] Furthermore, recent studies have found a relationship between VSC level in mouth air and VSC-producing periodontopathic bacteria on the tongue. 13,[15][16][17] Tongue coating has been suggested to be an important reservoir of oral microorganisms for later attachment to tooth surfaces, thus microorganisms harbored on the tongue may contribute to plaque formation, [18][19][20][21][22] and there may be a relationship between microflora in tongue coating and dental plaque. We speculated that colonization of periodontopathic bacteria not only in tongue coating but also in dental plaque samples could be predicted by measurement of VSC in mouth air.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of periodontopathic bacteria in dental plaque of periodontal healthy subjects by measurement of volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air

Kishi

Ohara‐Nemoto

Takahashi

et al. 2013

Archives of Oral Biology

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Objectives:The aim of this study was to determine whether measurements of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) are useful to predict colonization of periodontopathic bacteria. For this purpose, we assessed the relationships among distributions of 4 species of periodontopathic bacteria in tongue coating and dental plaque, oral conditions including VSC concentration in mouth air, and smoking habit of periodontal healthy young subjects. Methods:The subjects were 108 young adults (mean age, 23.5±2.56 years) without clinical periodontal pockets. Information regarding smoking habit was obtained by interview. After VSC concentration in mouth air was measured with a portable sulfide monitor (Halimeter ® ), non-stimulated saliva flow and dental caries status were assessed, and tongue coating and dental plaque samples were collected from the subjects. The tongue coating samples were weighed to determine the amount. The colonization of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia, and Treponema denticola in both tongue coating and plaque samples was investigated using species-specific polymerase chain reaction assays.Results: Significant relationships were observed between the colonization of periodontopathic bacteria in tongue coating and plaque samples, especially that of P.gingivalis. VSC concentration showed the most significant association with colonization of P. gingivalis in both tongue coating and dental plaque. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the adjusted partial correlation coefficient [Exp(B)] values for VSC concentration with the colonization of P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, and T. denticola in dental plaque were 135, 35.4 and 10.4, respectively. In addition, smoking habit was also shown to 3 be a significant variable in regression models [Exp(B) = 6.19, 8.92, and 2.53, respectively].Therefore, receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to predict the colonization of periodontal bacteria in dental plaque in the subjects divided by smoking habit. Based on our results, we found cut-off values that indicated likelihood ratios (LR) within the efficient range for positive findings in both groups. Conclusion:The present results demonstrated that measurement of VSC concentration in mouth air is a useful method to predict the presence of colonization of some periodontopathic bacteria in dental plaque.

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“…(i) In oral healthy subjects, they are normally localized on the tongue dorsum in a large and extensive biofilm, as well as in the saliva [2].…”

Section: Open Access Journal Of Surgerymentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Surgery in the Human Microbiota Era the role of Periodontal Bacteria

Mascolo¹

2017

oajs

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Microbiota of the Dorsum of the Tongue After Plaque Accumulation: An Experimental Study in Humans

Abstract: The tongue surface could be an important reservoir for periodontal pathogens and may play a role in the recolonization of tooth surfaces and in the etiology of oral halitosis.

Cited by 66 publications

References 30 publications

Effects of pH and Lactate on Hydrogen Sulfide Production by Oral Veillonella spp

Effects of pH and Lactate on Hydrogen Sulfide Production by Oral Veillonella spp

Prediction of periodontopathic bacteria in dental plaque of periodontal healthy subjects by measurement of volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air

Oral Surgery in the Human Microbiota Era the role of Periodontal Bacteria

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