Abstract:The residual chlorine and microbial quality of drinking water in the Zahedan villages by a number of1221 samples from all 168 villages were collected between 2014–2015. Then the samples were evaluated using 9-tube fermentation methods and portable chlorine method test. Based on the microbial coliform and fecal coliform indices, the data indicated that the maximum and minimum controlling of the bacteria in the distribution network were in the winter (90.62%) and autumn (85.56%), respectively. Also in the reserv… Show more
“…This city has a warm and temperate climate with an average annual temperature of 18.3 degrees Celsius. The highest and lowest temperatures in Zahedan are 42.5 and 12.6 degrees Celsius, respectively ( RadFard et al., 2018 ). Figure 1 Schematic image of gas pressure reducing station.…”
Industrial accidents have increased the importance of dealing with the risks of toxic exposure, fire and explosion. Despite the measures taken in the chemical industry to prevent accidents, the accidents occur often due to human error or process faults during repairs. Although several studies have been conducted on the accidents in the process industry, no research has modeled the risks caused by the leakage of toxic substances in the gas pressure reduction station. The consequences of gas leak and fire in Zahedan's gas pressure reduction station were investigated in Iran. This research aims to determine the safe range of the station and observe the safety measures required for the gas pressure reduction station in Zahedan. For modelling gas leak and fire, the ALOHA software was used to display the threat zone. In this research, with respect to the environmental data, the desired scenario was modeled. The results, based on two scenarios of gas leak and fire in both hot and cold seasons, indicate that the gas leak scenario in hot seasons and the fire scenario in cold seasons influence a larger region.
“…This city has a warm and temperate climate with an average annual temperature of 18.3 degrees Celsius. The highest and lowest temperatures in Zahedan are 42.5 and 12.6 degrees Celsius, respectively ( RadFard et al., 2018 ). Figure 1 Schematic image of gas pressure reducing station.…”
Industrial accidents have increased the importance of dealing with the risks of toxic exposure, fire and explosion. Despite the measures taken in the chemical industry to prevent accidents, the accidents occur often due to human error or process faults during repairs. Although several studies have been conducted on the accidents in the process industry, no research has modeled the risks caused by the leakage of toxic substances in the gas pressure reduction station. The consequences of gas leak and fire in Zahedan's gas pressure reduction station were investigated in Iran. This research aims to determine the safe range of the station and observe the safety measures required for the gas pressure reduction station in Zahedan. For modelling gas leak and fire, the ALOHA software was used to display the threat zone. In this research, with respect to the environmental data, the desired scenario was modeled. The results, based on two scenarios of gas leak and fire in both hot and cold seasons, indicate that the gas leak scenario in hot seasons and the fire scenario in cold seasons influence a larger region.
“…Disinfection has a major role in the conservation of water, and the lack of attention to it will have detrimental effects on the health of human societies [1,6]. Water microbial control is very crucial for having healthy drinking water [7,8]. Coliform microorganisms are known as an appropriate indicator of water quality, since their detection in water is easy.…”
Effective disinfection is a particular stage of drinking-water treatment and is an important process for the removal of pathogenic microorganisms from the water. Germs resistant to common disinfectants are a major challenge in drinking water treatment across the world. The present study was conducted to compare the electrochemical removal of Escherichia coli and spores of Bacillus subtilis as indicative and resistant bacteria in drinking water, respectively. A reactor designed with a capacity of 200 cc and containing steel electrodes was selected for the reactions. The number of bacteria (CFU/ mL), the electrochemical reaction time (min), the voltage (v), the electric current intensity (mA), ambient temperature of 25°C and natural pH of drinking water (7.4) were fixed as the operating parameters of the study. Based on the findings of this study, after applied voltage, reaction time is the most effective factor in increasing microbial removal efficiency. The optimal reaction time for the removal of Bacillus subtilis spores, Bacillus subtilis and E. coli was 5, 90 and 120 min, respectively. By establishing a potential difference of 4.5 and 8 V in the reactor, the number of Bacillus subtilis spores after the expiry of 2 h was 2 CFU/mL and 0 CFU/mL, respectively.
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