Microbial Screening Reveals Oral Site-Specific Locations of the Periodontal Pathogen Selenomonas noxia

Abstract

Introduction: Selenomonas noxia (SN) is an important periodontal pathogen, associated with gingivitis and periodontitis. Many studies have found associations between SN and indicators of poor health outcomes, such as smoking, low socioeconomic status and obesity. However, less is known about the prevalence of this organism and more specifically about other oral site-specific locations that may harbor this organism. Methods: Using an existing patient repository (n = 47) of DNA isolated from saliva and other oral sites (n = 235), including the dorsum of the tongue, lower lingual incisor, upper buccal molar and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), molecular screening for SN was performed. Screening results were analyzed for associations between demographic variables (age, sex, race/ethnicity) and clinical information (body mass index or BMI, presence of orthodontic brackets, primary/mixed/permanent dentition). Results: qPCR screening revealed a total of n = 62/235 sites or 26.3% harboring SN with saliva and GCF (either alone or in combination with one or more sites) most often observed (Saliva, n = 23/27 or 85.18%, GCF, n = 14/27 or 51%). Analysis of site-specific data revealed most positive results were found among saliva and GCF alone or in combination, with fewer positive results observed among the tongue (33.3%), lower lingual incisor (29.6%), and upper buccal molar (25.9%). No significant associations were found between demographic or clinical variables and presence of SN at any site. Conclusions: These results may be among the first to describe site-specific locations of S. noxia among various additional oral biofilm sites. These data may represent a significant advancement in our understanding of the sites and locations that harbor this organism, which may be important for our understanding of the prevalence and distribution of these organisms among patients of different ages undergoing different types of oral treatments, such as orthodontic treatment or therapy.

Different oral and gut microbial profiles in those with Alzheimer's disease consuming anti-inflammatory diets

“…To further support our speculation, we correlated systemic inflammatory markers with microbiota and found that a specific oral and gut microbial composition was associated with inflammatory markers. Fusobacterium and Selenomonas have been reported to be associated with unhealthy microbial characteristics in patients with gingival and periodontal disease, whereas Fusobacterium may be a major indicator of microbial transformation into inflammatory pathogenic bacteria ( 85 , 86 ) and a potential biomarker of periodontitis and gingivitis episodes ( 87 , 88 ). In addition, Rothia, Haemophilus , and Alloprevotella are normal in the oral cavity ( 70 ); Anaerostipes and Weissella are common in the intestine, with Anaerostipes facilitating acetate formation ( 89 , 90 ), whereas Weissella is an emerging genus with potential health benefits, capable of inhibiting pathogenic microbial growth through the production of bacteriocins ( 91 , 92 ).…”

Oral Prevalence of Akkermansia muciniphila Differs among Pediatric and Adult Orthodontic and Non-Orthodontic Patients

“…Additional studies from this group have evaluated the role of orthodontic brackets in altering microbial populations, including Selenomonas noxia , Scardovia wiggsiae , Streptococcus mutans and Porphyomonas gingivalis [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 38 , 39 ]. The comparative analysis undertaken in this current study demonstrates that age-related changes in the oral prevalence of Gram-negative Akkermansia are similar to that of Gram-negative Selenomonas (higher levels among children than adults) but may exhibit opposite change with the presence of orthodontic appliances ( Akkermansia decreased, Selenomonas increased), confirmed by other reports from this group reporting Selenomonas prevalence among orthodontic and non-orthodontic patients [ 26 , 27 ].…”

“…DNA was isolated from all clinical samples using the phenol:chloroform extraction method using TRIzol DNA isolation reagent from ThermoFisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA), as previously described [ 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Briefly, samples were thawed and 400 uL of saliva was removed and placed into a sterile microcentrifuge tube with an equal volume of TRIzol reagent and triturated before adding 200 uL of chloroform and incubated for ten minutes on ice.…”

“…Cycle specifications included activation of the enzyme at 95 °C for 15 min followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C (15 s), annealing using each primer pair-specific temperature (30 s), with final extension at 72 °C (30 s). Validated primer sets included [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]:…”

“…Given the ability of these microorganisms to influence oral as well as systemic disorders, it is surprising how little evidence is available regarding the prevalence and oral ecology of this organism [ 21 ]. Studies from this group have created a saliva biorepository that has been successfully used to conduct molecular screenings for other novel oral pathogens, including the cariogenic bacterium Scardovia wiggsiae and periodontal pathogen Selenomonas noxia [ 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Based upon this information, the primary goal of this project was to survey this existing saliva biorepository to determine the overall prevalence of Akkermansia muciniphila and any associations with demographic or patient characteristics, such as age, sex, race or ethnicity, and orthodontic treatment status.…”