Microbial Fabrication of Nanomaterial and Its Role in Disintegration of Exopolymeric Matrices of Biofilm

Abstract

Bacterial biofilms are responsible for the development of various chronic wound-related and implant-mediated infections and confer protection to the pathogenic bacteria against antimicrobial drugs and host immune responses. Hence, biofilm-mediated chronic infections have created a tremendous burden upon healthcare systems worldwide. The development of biofilms upon the surface of medical implants has resulted in the failure of various implant-based surgeries and therapies. Although different conventional chemical and physical agents are used as antimicrobials, they fail to kill the sessile forms of bacterial pathogens due to the resistance exerted by the exopolysaccharide (EPS) matrices of the biofilm. One of the major techniques used in addressing such a problem is to directly check the biofilm formation by the use of novel antibiofilm materials, local drug delivery, and device-associated surface modifications, but the success of these techniques is still limited. The immense expansion in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology has resulted in the development of novel nanomaterials as biocidal agents that can be either easily integrated within biomaterials to prevent the colonization of microbial cells or directly approach the pathogen overcoming the biofilm matrix. The antibiofilm efficacies of these nanomaterials are accomplished by the generation of oxidative stresses and through alterations of the genetic expressions. Microorganism-assisted synthesis of nanomaterials paved the path to success in such therapeutic approaches and is found to be more acceptable for its “greener” approach. Metallic nanoparticles functionalized with microbial enzymes, silver–platinum nanohybrids (AgPtNHs), bacterial nanowires, superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4), and nanoparticles synthesized by both magnetotactic and non-magnetotactic bacteria showed are some of the examples of such agents used to attack the EPS.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Diospyros malabarica Fruit Extract and Assessments of Their Antimicrobial, Anticancer and Catalytic Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol (4-NP)

“…In recent years, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have created attention among researchers because of their important applications in biomedicine, agriculture, food industry, catalytic, biosensors, optoelectronics and optics [ 10 ]. Several physical and chemical methods have been widely employed for the synthesis of AgNPs, such as sonochemical, microwave, γ-rays, hydrothermal, wet chemical, laser ablation and sol-gel, but these methods have some disadvantages, such as their use of high beam energy, hazardous toxic wastes, require high capital costs and production of large amounts of toxic byproducts that cause environmental contamination [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Hence, there is a need to develop eco-friendly techniques without using toxic chemicals to overcome these limitations.…”

Green Metallic Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis to Applications

“…Biosynthesis of both Ag and Au nanoparticles has been achieved by Ramkumar Vijayan et al using an aqueous solution containing an extract from Turbinaria conoides . The nanoparticles were also tested for their ability to inhibit the development of biofilms ( Nag et al, 2021 ). Antimicrobial nanoparticles derived from a Sargassum plagiophyllum aqueous extract have also been demonstrated to be effective against bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli ( Stalin Dhas et al, 2014 ).…”

Mg-, Zn-, and Fe-Based Alloys With Antibacterial Properties as Orthopedic Implant Materials

“…Strategies for IAI mainly start from three aspects: 1) preventing the initial adhesion of bacteria, 2) destroying the biofilm that is just starting to form, and 3) destroying the mature biofilm. Many research studies have been devoted to improvements in antibiotic therapy, such as bone cement ( Ismat et al, 2021 ), biopolymers ( Kasza et al, 2021 ), ceramic materials ( Cyphert et al, 2021 ), hydrogels ( Garg et al, 2021 ), and nanomaterials ( Keskin et al, 2021 ; Nag et al, 2021 ). They are designed as local drug delivery vehicles or coatings.…”