Microbial Extraction of Chitin and Chitosan From Pleurotus Spp, Its Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity

Johney, Jesteena; Eagappan, Kannan; Ragunathan, R.

doi:10.22159/ijcpr.2017v9i1.16623

Cited by 21 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Studies of the extraction, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of chitosan in molluscs are limited. 32 Rasti et al ( 17 ) drew chitin and chitosan from mollusc and characterized them by soaking in 45% NaOH solution. Palpandi et al ( 20 ) have extracted chitin and chitosan from the operculum of the mangrove gastropod Nerita crepidularia .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan from Horse Mussel Modiolus modiolus

2020

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Chitin and chitosan have been proved to have enormous applications in biomedical, pharmaceutical, and industrial fields. The horse mussel, Modiolus modiolus , a refuse of the fishery industries at Thondi, is a reserve of rich chitin. The aim of this work is to extract chitosan from the horse mussel and its further characterization using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and elemental analysis. The result of FTIR studies revealed different functional groups of organic compounds such as out-of-plane bending (564 cm –1 ), C–O–C stretching (711 cm –1 ), and CH 2 stretching (1174 cm –1 ) in chitosan. The degree of acetylation of the extracted chitosan was observed to be 57.43%, which makes it suitable as a biopolymer for biomedical applications. Prominent peaks observed with micro-Raman studies were at 484 cm –1 (14,264 counts/s), 2138 cm –1 (45,061 counts/s), and 2447 cm –1 (45,636 counts/s). XRD studies showed the crystalline nature of the polymer, and the maximum peak was observed at 20.04°. Elemental analysis showed a considerable decrease in the percentage of nitrogen and carbon upon the conversion of chitin to chitosan, while chitosan had a higher percentage of hydrogen and sulfur. The antibacterial activities of chitosan from the horse mussel were found to be efficient at a 200 μg/mL concentration against all the bacterial strains tested with a comparatively higher antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (9 mm) and Bacillus subtilis (8 mm).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan from Horse Mussel Modiolus modiolus

2020

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“…Besides cellulose chitosan is another attractive raw material for hydrogel preparation because of its antimicrobial properties (Johney et al 2017) and biodegradability (Muzzarelli 1997). Moreover chitosan as a polycation has, aside from hydroxy groups, an amino group per AGU which offers further synthetic possibilities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of hydrogels based on oxidized cellulose sulfates and carboxymethyl chitosan

et al. 2019

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Cellulose or chitosan represent highly abundant biopolymers possessing excellent biocompatibility that is required in tissue engineering. Both, cellulose and chitosan can be used to form hydrogels that can replace soft human tissues like cartilage. Hence, we developed here an approach to oxidize cellulose after sulfation, which was then crosslinked with carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh). Sulfation was performed either by direct or acetosulfation reaching different sulfation degrees of DS Sulf = 0.8-2.0. Subsequently oxidation of cellulose sulfate (CS) was performed with sodium periodate, which yielded aldehyde contents of DS Ald = 0.1-0.3. Since oxidation requires the presence of vicinal hydroxyl groups in the anhydroglucose unit (AGU) of CS, higher sulfation degree as obtained by direct sulfation including hydroxyl groups at C2 and C3-position yielded lower aldehyde contents. On the contrary, regioselective sulfation at C6-position by acetosulfation was more suitable to achieve higher oxidation degrees of CS. Consequently, hydrogel formation obtained by chemical crosslinking of oxidized cellulose sulfate (oCS) with CMCh was fast within seconds when oxidation degree was high, but sulfation degree low. Moreover gel formation lasted almost 24 h when sulfation degree was high. It could also be shown that hydrogels based on oCS with a DS Ald of 0.28 or higher were stable for 25 days when incubated in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or Dulbeccos modified Eagle medium (DMEM). Studies with pH dependent fluorescent tracer molecules could show that the intrinsic pH value in hydrogels was slightly acidic ($ pH 6.4) when they were incubated in PBS at pH 7.4. Mass transfer and homogeneity of the gel network was studied by NMR finding that diffusion of water molecules was not hindered inside the hydrogels.

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“…acetic acid). This acidic treatment results in the solubilization of chitosan . Chitin, CGC and ChGC are not soluble under such conditions and hence can be separated from chitosan by centrifugation or filtration.…”

Section: Extraction Of Polymers From the Fungal Cell‐wallmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This acidic treatment results in the solubilization of chitosan. 48,51,52 Chitin, CGC and ChGC are not soluble under such conditions and hence can be separated from chitosan by centrifugation or filtration. The free chitosan thus obtained can be precipitated from the supernatant by simply adjusting the pH to 9.0.…”

Section: Polymer Separation and Purificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitinous polymers: extraction from fungal sources, characterization and processing towards value‐added applications

Araújo

Ferreira

Torres

et al. 2020

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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Chitin, chitosan and their complexes with β‐glucan (chitin–glucan complex, CGC, and chitosan–glucan complex, ChGC) are value‐added polysaccharides extracted from the cell‐walls of many fungi. Commercial chitin and its deacetylated form, chitosan, are currently obtained from marine waste material, mostly animal sources (crustaceans and marine invertebrates), through harsh chemical procedures that have low reproducibility due to the variability of the composition of the sources and their seasonal character. These disadvantages are overcome by using fungi as sources of chitinous polymers. The extraction of chitin/chitosan from fungi cell‐walls has the great advantage of yielding products with stable composition and properties, using simpler procedures, with the added benefit of also generating CGC and ChGC, two copolymers that combine the proven properties of chitin/chitosan with those of β‐glucans. Over the last decades, fungal chitinous polymers have been the focus of extensive research that included optimization of the cultivation conditions of a wide range of species and the development of optimized extraction, purification and characterization techniques, as well as the demonstration of the biopolymers' biological properties, which include immunomodulatory, anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Given these properties, several attempts were made to develop applications for them in areas ranging from biomedicine and pharmaceuticals to food and agriculture. Despite their wide range of proven functional properties that include the ability to form different polymeric structures, as well as biological activity, fungal chitinous biopolymers are still underexplored. Nevertheless, these biopolymers hold great potential for development into valuable products or applications that are surely worth further investigation. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

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Microbial Extraction of Chitin and Chitosan From Pleurotus Spp, Its Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity

Cited by 21 publications

References 15 publications

Extraction, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan from Horse Mussel Modiolus modiolus

Extraction, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan from Horse Mussel Modiolus modiolus

Development of hydrogels based on oxidized cellulose sulfates and carboxymethyl chitosan

Chitinous polymers: extraction from fungal sources, characterization and processing towards value‐added applications

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