Extraction, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan from Horse Mussel Modiolus modiolus

Abstract

Chitin and chitosan have been proved to have enormous applications in biomedical, pharmaceutical, and industrial fields. The horse mussel, Modiolus modiolus , a refuse of the fishery industries at Thondi, is a reserve of rich chitin. The aim of this work is to extract chitosan from the horse mussel and its further characterization using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and elemental analysis. The result of FTIR studies revealed different functional groups of organic compounds such as out-of-plane bending (564 cm –1 ), C–O–C stretching (711 cm –1 ), and CH 2 stretching (1174 cm –1 ) in chitosan. The degree of acetylation of the extracted chitosan was observed to be 57.43%, which makes it suitable as a biopolymer for biomedical applications. Prominent peaks observed with micro-Raman studies were at 484 cm –1 (14,264 counts/s), 2138 cm –1 (45,061 counts/s), and 2447 cm –1 (45,636 counts/s). XRD studies showed the crystalline nature of the polymer, and the maximum peak was observed at 20.04°. Elemental analysis showed a considerable decrease in the percentage of nitrogen and carbon upon the conversion of chitin to chitosan, while chitosan had a higher percentage of hydrogen and sulfur. The antibacterial activities of chitosan from the horse mussel were found to be efficient at a 200 μg/mL concentration against all the bacterial strains tested with a comparatively higher antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (9 mm) and Bacillus subtilis (8 mm).

Valorization of Chicken Feather Waste: Fabrication of Keratin‐Chitosan Biofilms

“…Furthermore, the transmission band between 750 and 600 cm −1 was associated with N−H out‐of‐plane bending. These peaks correspond to the chitosan [28] . The correlations were observed in the FTIR results compared with the published literature.…”

“…These peaks correspond to the chitosan. [28] The correlations were observed in the FTIR results compared with the published literature.…”

Characterization of Chitosan Extracted from Fish Scales of the Colombian Endemic Species Prochilodus magdalenae as a Novel Source for Antibacterial Starch-Based Films

“…The FTIR spectra of Chi-2% and Chi-commercial are shown in Figure 3 . In the spectra, the peak at 564 cm −1 was assigned to NH out-of-plane bending in amide groups, and the 1160 cm −1 peak was assigned to C–O–C stretching [ 28 ]. Shown also is a 1026 cm −1 band corresponding to the free amino group of glucosamine at C 2 871 cm −1 related to C–N stretching, a 1545 cm −1 band assigned to the coupling of N–H bending and C–N stretching in amide II [ 6 , 23 , 29 ] and a band at 1640 cm −1 corresponding to amide I [ 30 ].…”

Application of Polydopamine Functionalized Zinc Oxide for Glucose Biosensor Design

“…A new peak located at 1063 cm −1 appeared after the immobilization of glucose oxidase ( Figure 1 D). The registered new peak corresponds to C–O bending vibrational mode [ 28 , 29 ]. The immobilization of glucose oxidase resulted in the decrease of peak intensity at 1607 cm −1 .…”