Microbial Etiology of Travelers' Diarrhea in Mexico, Guatemala, and India: Importance of Enterotoxigenic
            <i>Bacteroides fragilis</i>
            and
            <i>Arcobacter</i>
            Species

Jiang, Zhi; DuPont, Herbert L.; Brown, Eric L.; Nandy, Ranjan K.; Ramamurthy, T.; Sinha, Anuradha; Ghosh, Santanu; Guin, Sucharita; Kaur, Gurleen; Rodrigues, Savio; Chen, Jacklyn J.; McKenzie, Robin; Steffen, Robert

doi:10.1128/jcm.01709-09

Cited by 111 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…Prevalence of A. butzleri in human stools. We observed that the overall prevalence of A. butzleri in human stools was 60%, which is much higher than the rates of 25% or less reported by others (9,12,41,42). We attribute the high rate of A. butzleri detection in the current study to our use of primers designed and validated for maximum efficiency in complex matrices.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 42%

Comparative Detection and Quantification of Arcobacter butzleri in Stools from Diarrheic and Nondiarrheic People in Southwestern Alberta, Canada

et al. 2016

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dArcobacter butzleri has been linked to enteric disease in humans, but its pathogenicity and epidemiology remain poorly understood. The lack of suitable detection methods is a major limitation. Using comparative genome analysis, we developed PCR primers for direct detection and quantification of A. butzleri DNA in microbiologically complex matrices. These primers, along with existing molecular and culture-based methods, were used to detect A. butzleri and enteric pathogens in stools of diarrheic and nondiarrheic people (n ‫؍‬ 1,596) living in southwestern Alberta, Canada, from May to November 2008. In addition, quantitative PCR was used to compare A. butzleri densities in diarrheic and nondiarrheic stools. Arcobacter butzleri was detected more often by PCR (59.6%) than by isolation methods (0.8%). Comparison by PCR-based detection found no difference in the prevalence of A. butzleri between diarrheic (56.7%) and nondiarrheic (45.5%) individuals. Rates of detection in diarrheic stools peaked in June (71.1%) and October (68.7%), but there was no statistically significant correlation between the presence of A. butzleri and patient age, sex, or place of habitation. Densities of A. butzleri DNA in diarrheic stools (1.6 ؎ 0.59 log 10 copies mg ؊1 ) were higher (P ‫؍‬ 0.007) than in nondiarrheic stools (1.3 ؎ 0.63 log 10 copies mg ؊1 ). Of the 892 diarrheic samples that were positive for A. butzleri, 74.1% were not positive for other bacterial and/or viral pathogens. The current study supports previous work suggesting that A. butzleri pathogenicity is strain specific and/or dependent on other factors, such as the level of host resistance. N early 1.7 billion cases of diarrheal disease are reported globally each year (1), although this is an underestimation of true rates of enteritis, as many afflicted individuals do not have access to or choose not to pursue medical assistance (2). For those seeking diagnosis, the majority of cases of acute enteritis are not linked to an identified etiological agent (3, 4). Ascertaining the etiology of enteric disease is essential for the development of effective therapeutics and preventative mitigation strategies. Direct contact with animals and ingestion of untreated water and/or undercooked animal products are recognized risk factors for acute enteritis (3), which suggests that a significant number of cases of enteritis are caused by unidentified biotic pathogens of human or zoonotic origin. Critical components of the epidemiology of arcobacteriosis and the population structure of Arcobacter butzleri have yet to be resolved, in large part because effective culture and/or molecular-based detection methods for this bacterium have yet to be developed.Arcobacter butzleri is ubiquitous in the environment (e.g., river water contaminated with human and/or nonhuman animal feces) (5-7). That the bacterium is detected in such a variety of sources suggests that pathways for transmission among animals and environmental sources exist, but accurate source tracking of A. butzleri is hampered by a ...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 42%

Comparative Detection and Quantification of Arcobacter butzleri in Stools from Diarrheic and Nondiarrheic People in Southwestern Alberta, Canada

et al. 2016

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“…were detected in 6.66% (2/30) of diarrhoeic human stools. In India, the detection rate of Arcobacter in diarrhoeic humans have ranged from 2% to 15% (Jiang et al, 2010;Mohan et al, 2014 andRamees et al, 2014). Asymptomatic carriage of Arcobacter in veterinary students (8.0%, 2/25) and farm workers (13.3%, 4/30) was also observed in the present study.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 64%

Occurrence of Arcobacter species in animal faeces, foods of animal origin and humans in Andhra Pradesh, India

Sekhar

Tumati

Chinnam

et al. 2017

IJAR

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A total of n=510 samples comprising of faecal swabs from livestock (n=245), foods of animal origin (n=180) and human stools (n=85) were examined to detect Arcobacter species employing cultural and PCR methods. Overall, 11.7% of samples were found positive for Arcobacter species by genus-specific PCR. On screening faecal samples of livestocks, higher positivity was observed in pigs (23.3%), followed by chicken (16.6%), turkey (15.0%), cattle (10.0%), duck (10.0%) and sheep (6.6%). With regard to foods of animal origin, higher positivity was observed in pork samples (15.0%), followed by chicken (12.5%), milk (10.0%) and mutton (7.5%). In humans, the stool samples of farm workers revealed high positivity (13.3%) followed by veterinary students (8.0%) and diarrhoeic humans (6.66%). Using cultural method, a total of 41 (8.03%) Arcobacter isolates were recovered. The multiplex-PCR assay enabled detection of Arcobacter butzleri (16/41), Arcobacter cryaerophilus (13/41) and Arcobacter skirrowii (12/41). The results signify the occurrence of Arcobacter species in animal faeces, foods of animal origin and humans in Andhra Pradesh, India.

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“…In that study, one third of the patients with A. butzleri infections presented with diarrhea, and all of them presented with abdominal pain and nausea (18). Arcobacter butzleri has also been detected in travelers' diarrhea at a rate of 8% (16/201 stool specimens) in U.S. and European travelers returning from Mexico, Guatemala, and India (19). However, in that study, other organisms were also concomitantly isolated from stool samples from 13 of these patients, confounding the role of Arcobacter as the causative agent of the symptoms in these patients (19).…”

Section: Case Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Arcobacter butzleri has also been detected in travelers' diarrhea at a rate of 8% (16/201 stool specimens) in U.S. and European travelers returning from Mexico, Guatemala, and India (19). However, in that study, other organisms were also concomitantly isolated from stool samples from 13 of these patients, confounding the role of Arcobacter as the causative agent of the symptoms in these patients (19). A. butzleri has also been implicated in severe and persistent diarrhea in immunocompromised adults (16).…”

Section: Case Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteremia Caused by Arcobacter butzleri in an Immunocompromised Host

et al. 2015

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Microbial Etiology of Travelers' Diarrhea in Mexico, Guatemala, and India: Importance of Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis and Arcobacter Species

Cited by 111 publications

References 23 publications

Comparative Detection and Quantification of Arcobacter butzleri in Stools from Diarrheic and Nondiarrheic People in Southwestern Alberta, Canada

Comparative Detection and Quantification of Arcobacter butzleri in Stools from Diarrheic and Nondiarrheic People in Southwestern Alberta, Canada

Occurrence of Arcobacter species in animal faeces, foods of animal origin and humans in Andhra Pradesh, India

Bacteremia Caused by Arcobacter butzleri in an Immunocompromised Host

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