Microbial Enzymes Used in Bioremediation

Abstract

Emerging pollutants in nature are linked to various acute and chronic detriments in biotic components and subsequently deteriorate the ecosystem with serious hazards. Conventional methods for removing pollutants are not efficient; instead, they end up with the formation of secondary pollutants. Significant destructive impacts of pollutants are perinatal disorders, mortality, respiratory disorders, allergy, cancer, cardiovascular and mental disorders, and other harmful effects. The pollutant substrate can recognize different microbial enzymes at optimum conditions (temperature/pH/contact time/concentration) to efficiently transform them into other rather unharmful products. The most representative enzymes involved in bioremediation include cytochrome P450s, laccases, hydrolases, dehalogenases, dehydrogenases, proteases, and lipases, which have shown promising potential degradation of polymers, aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated compounds, dyes, detergents, agrochemical compounds, etc. Such bioremediation is favored by various mechanisms such as oxidation, reduction, elimination, and ring-opening. The significant degradation of pollutants can be upgraded utilizing genetically engineered microorganisms that produce many recombinant enzymes through eco-friendly new technology. So far, few microbial enzymes have been exploited, and vast microbial diversity is still unexplored. This review would also be useful for further research to enhance the efficiency of degradation of xenobiotic pollutants, including agrochemical, microplastic, polyhalogenated compounds, and other hydrocarbons.

Fungal Proteases as Emerging Biocatalysts to Meet the Current Challenges and Recent Developments in Biomedical Therapies: An Updated Review

“…Different strains of fungi such as Hanerochaete chysosporium, and Pleurotus sp. are used for bioremediation to maintain the ecological pollutant, thus helping in reducing the pollution [210]. Other applications of alkaline protease are found in degrading toxic proteins and chemicals released through the household.…”

“…Due to industrial development, environmental pollution has become a major concern, and chemically thermostable protease has taken over the conventional protease [257]. Toxic chemicals, including sodium sulphide, salt, lime, and solvents, are released from these industries and can pollute the environment [210,258]. Chemical industries are the first target to eliminate environmental pollution, and pre-tanning procedures produce a higher amount of pollution than post-tanning procedures [259].…”

Biodegradation of p-xylene—a comparison of three psychrophilic Pseudomonas strains through the lens of gene expression

“…To make bioremediation successful, the establishment and maintenance of physical, chemical, and biological conditions in the environment is necessary. Introducing competent microorganisms with high potential for enzyme production can be an effective approach for the bioremediation of polluted sites (Chandran et al 2020;Bhandari et al 2021). However, the mode of action and growth of microorganisms in polluted sites need to be further studied to achieve a better understanding (Lovley 2003), owing to the limited success of their application in contaminated environments.…”

Possibilities of using information resources In bioremediation

“…Лучшими кандидатами для устранения большей части загрязняющих веществ из окружающей среды для включения элементов разложения в естественный биогеохимический цикл считаются микроорганизмы [10,11]. Они выработали широкий спектр аэробных и анаэробных катаболических стратегий для деградации огромного количества органических соединений, присутствующих в экосистемах, которые колонизируют [12,13].…”