Microbial Contamination of Contact Lens Storage Cases During Daily Wear Use

Dantam, Jaya; McCanna, David J.; Subbaraman, Lakshman N.; Papinski, Dominik; Lakkis, Carol; Mirza, Aftab; Berntsen, David A.; Morgan, Philip B.; Nichols, Jason J.; Jones, Lyndon

doi:10.1097/opx.0000000000000886

Cited by 24 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…CV staining reveals ability of biofilm to form in the lens case, but not the effect of the solution on its viability. Its use in many studies may underestimate the efficacy of solutions in killing sessile bacteria . Thus, it is essential to perform a viability assay, such as MTT, to determine bactericidal activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Methods have been developed to assess presence of biofilm. The most commonly utilised technique is staining of biofilm with crystal violet (CV), followed by elution and determination of optical density (OD) . This has been used to examine presence of biofilm in contact lens cases, but there is no standardised method, so comparison between studies may be difficult.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most commonly utilised technique is staining of biofilm with crystal violet (CV), followed by elution and determination of optical density (OD). 15,20,21 This has been used to examine presence of biofilm in contact lens cases, but there is no standardised method, so comparison between studies may be difficult. The method also suffers from an inability to distinguish between viable and dead cells, as the latter may remain attached to the surface even after adequate disinfection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of prevention and disruption of biofilm in contact lens cases

Cho

Boost

2019

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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Purpose The presence of biofilm in the lens case has been shown to be a risk factor for contamination of lenses and consequently microbial keratitis. This study aimed to evaluate effectiveness of solutions for rigid contact lenses in prevention and disruption of biofilm in lens cases and methods for biofilm detection. Method This study adopted a stepwise approach to evaluate effectiveness of four rigid lens disinfecting solutions against biofilm. These included two polyhexamethylene bigiuanide (PHMB) solutions and a chlorhexidine/PHMB‐based solution, as well as a novel povidone‐iodine formulation. The presence of biofilm following exposure to the solutions was assessed using both crystal violet (CV) staining and MTT (3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) viability assay, taking into account the effect of lens case design. Three lens case designs, conventional flat, large bucket type, and cylindrical cases, were investigated for the ability to trap stain and allow biofilm formation. Results Considerable differences were noted between solutions in their ability to prevent and disrupt biofilm (p < 0.001). Lens case design greatly influenced optical density (OD) measurements even in negative controls, as cylindrical cases trapped more stain, increasing OD readings. Correcting for this factor reduced variations, but could not differentiate between residues and biofilm. MTT assay revealed that both povidone‐iodine and chlorhexidine‐containing solutions could effectively kill > 95% of organisms, whilst PHMB‐based solutions were less effective with up to 55% of staphylococci and 41% of Pseudomonas surviving at 24 h. Conclusion Biofilm can rapidly form in lens cases and may not be killed by disinfecting solutions. Of the solutions tested, none were able to prevent biofilm formation or disrupt established biofilm, but those containing chlorhexidine or povidone iodine were able to penetrate the biofilm and kill organisms. Assessment of biofilm by CV assay may be confounded by lens case design. Whilst CV assay can demonstrate presence of biofilm, this technique should be accompanied by viability assay to determine bactericidal activity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of prevention and disruption of biofilm in contact lens cases

Cho

Boost

2019

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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“…Contamination of contact lens cases is reported to be a major cause of infection in contact lens wearers . It has been found that over 90% of the subjects with contaminated case also had contaminated lens or solutions, suggesting that bacteria might be transferred from the case to the lens.…”

Section: Contamination In Contact Lensesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contact Lens Technology: From Fundamentals to Applications

Moreddu

Vigolo

Yetisen

2019

Adv Healthcare Materials

177

171

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Contact lenses are ocular prosthetic devices used by over 150 million people worldwide. Primary applications of contact lenses include vision correction, therapeutics, and cosmetics. Contact lens materials have significantly evolved over time to minimize adverse effects associated with contact lens wearing, to maintain a regular corneal metabolism, and to preserve tear film stability. This article encompasses contact lens technology, including materials, chemical and physical properties, manufacturing processes, microbial contamination, and ocular complications. The function and the composition of the tear fluid are discussed to assess its potential as a diagnostic media. The regulatory standards of contact lens devices with regard to biocompatibility and contact lens market are presented. Future prospects in contact lens technology are evaluated, with particular interest given to theranostic applications for in situ continuous monitoring the ocular physiology.

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“…The risk of infection is often due to poor personal hygiene in the handling of the lenses and the storage cases, which provide the ideal environment for the growth of bacteria (Dantam et al, 2016;Szczotka-Flynn, Pearlman, & Ghannoum, 2010). Many lens cleaning solutions also risk being contaminated with the bacteria from the contact lens (Lin, Kim, Chen, Kowalski, & Nizet, 2016;Posch, Zhu, & Robertson, 2014;Szczotka-Flynn et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%