Microarray analysis of the microflora of root caries in elderly

Preza, Dorita; Olsen, Ingar; Willumsen, Tiril; Boches, Susan K.; Cotton, Sean L.; Grinde, Bjørn; Paster, Bruce J.

doi:10.1007/s10096-008-0662-8

Cited by 82 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Use of microarray hybridization for identification has been introduced for profiling the oral microbiotas of individuals (191,192) but has not yet evolved as a useful method for routine identification.…”

Section: Other Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification, Identification, and Clinical Significance of Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter Species with Host Specificity for Humans

2014

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SUMMARY The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive update on the current classification and identification of Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter species with exclusive or predominant host specificity for humans. Haemophilus influenzae and some of the other Haemophilus species are commonly encountered in the clinical microbiology laboratory and demonstrate a wide range of pathogenicity, from life-threatening invasive disease to respiratory infections to a nonpathogenic, commensal lifestyle. New species of Haemophilus have been described ( Haemophilus pittmaniae and Haemophilus sputorum ), and the new genus Aggregatibacter was created to accommodate some former Haemophilus and Actinobacillus species ( Aggregatibacter aphrophilus , Aggregatibacter segnis , and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ). Aggregatibacter species are now a dominant etiology of infective endocarditis caused by fastidious organisms (HACEK endocarditis), and A. aphrophilus has emerged as an important cause of brain abscesses. Correct identification of Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter species based on phenotypic characterization can be challenging. It has become clear that 15 to 20% of presumptive H. influenzae isolates from the respiratory tracts of healthy individuals do not belong to this species but represent nonhemolytic variants of Haemophilus haemolyticus . Due to the limited pathogenicity of H. haemolyticus , the proportion of misidentified strains may be lower in clinical samples, but even among invasive strains, a misidentification rate of 0.5 to 2% can be found. Several methods have been investigated for differentiation of H. influenzae from its less pathogenic relatives, but a simple method for reliable discrimination is not available. With the implementation of identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry, the more rarely encountered species of Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter will increasingly be identified in clinical microbiology practice. However, identification of some strains will still be problematic, necessitating DNA sequencing of multiple housekeeping gene fragments or full-length 16S rRNA genes.

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Section: Other Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification, Identification, and Clinical Significance of Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter Species with Host Specificity for Humans

2014

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“…However, the H. pylori status was not associated with AD in a study from Japan, probably due to the high prevalence of the organism in controls (84,87). Furthermore, the composition of the oral microbiota irrespective of being indigenous or pathogenic in the oral cavity keeps changing in view of major oral diseases (caries, gingivitis, aggressive and chronic periodontitis, periodontal-endodontic lesions, peri-implantitis and mucositis) (88)(89)(90)(91)(92)(93)(94).…”

Section: The Extrinsic Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammasome Involvement in Alzheimer’s Disease

Olsen

Singhrao

2016

JAD

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a scourge of longevity that will drain enormous resources from public health budgets in the future. Currently, there is no diagnostic biomarker and/or treatment for this most common form of dementia in humans. AD can be of early familialonset or sporadic with a late-onset. Apart from the two main hallmarks, amyloid-beta and neurofibrillary tangles, inflammation is a characteristic feature of AD neuropathology.Inflammation may be caused by a local central nervous system insult and/or by peripheral infections. Numerous microorganisms are suspected in AD brains ranging from bacteria (mainly oral and non-oral Treponema species), viruses (Herpes simplex type I) and yeasts (Candida species). A causal relationship between periodontal pathogens/non-oral Treponema species of bacteria has been proposed via the amyloid-beta and inflammatory links.Periodontitis constitutes a peripheral oral infection that can provide the brain with intact bacteria and virulence factors and inflammatory mediators due to daily, transient bacteraemias. If and when genetic risk factors meet environmental risk factors in the brain, disease is expressed, in which neurocognition may be impacted, leading to the development of dementia. To achieve the goal of finding a diagnostic biomarker and possible prophylactic treatment for AD, there is an initial need to solve the etiological puzzle contributing to its pathogenesis. This review therefore addresses oral infection as the plausible aetiology of late onset AD (LOAD). ___________________________________________________________________________Keywords: Alzheimer's disease; pathogenesis; microorganisms; oral bacteria; direct cause 3 Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease and the most common example of a group of diseases that manifest as dementia. It is associated with atrophy and specific neuronal death particularly in the hippocampal region of the brain (1). Research into AD pathogenesis, has flagged two main categories of the disease: the familial onset presentation accounts for around 2% of all AD cases and the sporadic form of late-onset AD also referred to as LOAD constitutes approximately 98% of the cases. LOAD displays genetic susceptibility traits of which the well-known risk factor is inheritance of the apolipoprotein (APOEɛ4) gene allele (2) and, appears to require an environmental factor for disease expression. For example a pathogen-host interaction can exacerbate neurocognition in some elderly individuals who if in their 80+ years likely become diagnosed with LOAD (3, 4). The rationale for this review therefore is to try to explain the aetiology in the vast proportion of LOAD cases that relies upon common risk factors. Several scientists have proposed, one of these to be peripheral infections (5-11), and the accompanying systemic and local inflammatory mediators (11)(12)(13). Of these, the plausible risk from oral infection is the main focus of this review. PREVALENCE OF ADAD is a burden of longevity resulting from the superior qualit...

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“…46 Commercial companies such as Human Microbe Identification Microarray core (MIM) (based at The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA) promise to allow for the rapid determination of bacterial profiles, to the species level, from clinical samples of the human oral cavity. 47 Although currently only permitted for use in research laboratories, this Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray (HOMIM) enables the simultaneous detection of approximately 300 of the most prevalent bacterial species in the oral cavity, thus permitting the comparison of bacterial associations in health vs. disease. [47][48][49][50] At present, their research has linked variations in oral microbial populations not only with periodontal health but also with inflammatory bowel disease and pancreatic diseases including pancreatic cancer.…”

Section: Personalised Medicine: the Future Of Biomedicinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…47 Although currently only permitted for use in research laboratories, this Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray (HOMIM) enables the simultaneous detection of approximately 300 of the most prevalent bacterial species in the oral cavity, thus permitting the comparison of bacterial associations in health vs. disease. [47][48][49][50] At present, their research has linked variations in oral microbial populations not only with periodontal health but also with inflammatory bowel disease and pancreatic diseases including pancreatic cancer. 49,50 Furthermore, Forsyth state on their website (mim.…”

Section: Personalised Medicine: the Future Of Biomedicinementioning

confidence: 99%