Micro‐ and Nanopatterning of Halide Perovskites Where Crystal Engineering for Emerging Photoelectronics Meets Integrated Device Array Technology

Abstract

Tremendous efforts have been devoted to developing thin film halide perovskites (HPs) for use in high‐performance photoelectronic devices, including solar cells, displays, and photodetectors. Furthermore, structured HPs with periodic micro‐ or nanopatterns have recently attracted significant interest due to their potential to not only improve the efficiency of an individual device via the controlled arrangement of HP crystals into a confined geometry, but also to technologically pixelate the device into arrays suitable for future commercialization. However, micro‐ or nanopatterning of HPs is not usually compatible with conventional photolithography, which is detrimental to ionic HPs and requires special techniques. Herein, a comprehensive overview of the state‐of‐the‐art technologies used to develop micro‐ and nanometer‐scale HP patterns, with an emphasis on their controlled microstructures based on top‐down and bottom‐up approaches, and their potential for future applications, is provided. Top‐down approaches include modified conventional lithographic techniques and soft‐lithographic methods, while bottom‐up approaches include template‐assisted patterning of HPs based on lithographically defined prepatterns and self‐assembly. HP patterning is shown here to not only improve device performance, but also to reveal the unprecedented functionality of HPs, leading to new research areas that utilize their novel photophysical properties.

Thermal properties of metal-halide perovskites

“…163 Therefore, creating nanoscale perovskite optoelectronic devices by well-controllable, low-cost fabrication methods while simultaneously maintaining high optoelectronic performance is a challenge. 164 Wang et al were able to show first that, similar to other ''soft materials'', MAPbI 3 can directly be patterned by thermal nanoimprint lithography (NIL) at low temperatures (100 1C), since electrostatic interactions dominate in ionic MAPbI 3 crystals (see Fig. 10a).…”

Up-scalable emerging energy conversion technologies enabled by 2D materials: from miniature power harvesters towards grid-connected energy systems

“…7g) targeting to combine advantages of both low dimensional systems into a single stack. [187][188][189] In these hetero-structured systems, quantum confinement effects allow tailoring band alignments of the heterointerface and subsequent interfacial charge transfer. Four orders of magnitude higher photoresponsivity and faster photo-response compared to bulk structures were reported (Fig.…”

Shaping Perovskites: In Situ Crystallization Mechanism of Rapid Thermally Annealed, Prepatterned Perovskite Films

“…The effect of lowering the saturation threshold can, however, lead to disconnected domains because of material depletion between the growing domains, which is governed by an interplay of the crystal growth rate relative to the diffusion of the solutes and the distance between nucleation seeds. Well-defined disconnected perovskite domains may on the one hand be useful for some applications, 46 particularly in the case of cubic MAPbBr 3 that forms faceted isolated domains ( Figure 1 d–f). If, on the other hand, a uniform substrate coverage is desired, the nucleation site density and the annealing temperature have to be appropriately adjusted.…”