Micro‐ and Nanocarriers for Immobilization of Enzymes

Abstract

Two types of micro-and nanocarriers for immobilization of enzymes for biotechnological and biomedical applications are described: magnetic nanoparticles and crosslinked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs). Nanosized structures with their large surface and smaller size volume ratio, which is dependent on their strong magnetic dipole, give key features that make magnetic nanoparticles useful in many biotechnological and biomedical applications. They are therefore used as carriers to which different active substances can bind. The preparation of the magnetic nanoparticles, possible surface coating methods, and functionalization with different materials are described. Enzyme immobilization methods, such as adsorption, affinity binding, chelation, or metal binding or covalent binding, enable the preparation of efficient and stable enzyme bound to magnetic nanoparticles. Such a product may be used among bioreactor applications for targeted drug delivery in biosensors or bioimaging and magnetic resonance imaging. Preparation of CLEAs, the microsized enzyme structures without a carrier, is described as well. Their main advantage is very simple preparation, where two steps, precipitation of the enzyme and cross-linking, are joined. A broad spectrum of enzymes for CLEA preparation has been used and many biotechnological reactions are catalyzed. The improvement in CLEA preparation to enhance their stability and operability is also shown.

Magnetic Bio-Derivatives: Preparation and Their Uses in Biotechnology

“…Some disadvantages for the NPs (e.g., large-scale application and price of material preparation) have been presented [26]. On the other hand, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been used as a support of several biological molecules as well as present superparamagnetism (i.e., magnetic response is only observed after application of magnetic field) and can be recovered by the use of a magnet [27]. So, the magnetic property as a plus feature to the nanoparticles would make them more attractive not only for potential uses in biotechnology [14] but also for a lot of biomedical applications including magnetic hyperthermia [28], drug delivery [29], contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [30], and cellular therapy [31].…”

Protected Laser Evaporation/Ablation and Deposition of Organic/Biological Materials: Thin Films Deposition for Nano- biomedical Applications

“…For a long time, enzymes have been used in microbial processes, helping (by fermentation process) in the preparation of cheeses, wines, and other milk products [71]. In course of time, the interest of some researchers leads to the use of enzyme in the medical field, in the diagnosis, and in the treatment of various diseases [75]. In this respect, they try to study, understand, and obtain the basic information on toxicology, immunological reactions, and chemical stability of the organism in vivo [76].…”

Polymer-Coated Magnetite Nanoparticles for Protein Immobilization

“…Moreover, the immobilization of a protein causes its structure to be targeted and, in some cases, this may facilitate e.g., the formation of an active protein–ligand complex. In the case of the immobilization of enzymes on the surface of magnetite nanoparticles, it is possible to reuse such a catalytic system, which is very beneficial [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ].…”