Micelle mediated extraction of cadmium from water and tobacco samples with glyoxal-bis(2-hydroxyanil) and determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to combine cloud point extraction (CPE) with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) for determining cadmium in water and tobacco samples. This developed method is based on the colour reaction of cadmium with glyoxal-bis (2-hydroxyanil) (GBHA) in sodium hydroxide-sodium tetraborate buffer media and mixed micelle-mediated extraction of complex. The cadmium was extracted as Cd-GBHA complex, at pH 12.4 AE 0.2 mediated by micelles of the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 and anionic SDS. The incubation step is not necessary for the separation of the phases. The phase separation was observed at room temperature using TX-114/SDS/NaCl system. The optimal micellar extraction and reaction conditions (e.g., surfactant concentration, reagent concentration, effect of time) were studied and the analytical characteristics of the method (e.g., limit of detection, linear range and preconcentration factor) were obtained. Linearity was obeyed in the range of 0.02 to 0.4 mg L À1 of cadmium ion and the detection limit of Cd with ETAAS was 7 ng L À1 . After optimising extraction conditions, a preconcentration factor of 22 was obtained for a sample of only 10 mL and the relative standard deviation (n ¼ 5; C ¼ 0.2 mg L À1 ) was 2.3%. The interference effect of some anions and cations was also tested. The method was applied to the determination of Cd in tap (after standard addition), lake, seawater and tobacco samples, and validated by analysis of a geological sample.

Propylene Oxide−Ethylene Oxide Block Polymer as a Surfactant for Cloud Point Extraction of Some Metal Ions

“…CPE might be an interesting and efficient alternative, once it eliminates or reduces consumption of organic solvents significantly. Trace elements can be extracted to the surfactant-rich phase usually after formation of a hydrophobic complex with an appropriate chelating agent [12]. Cloud point extraction has been successfully employed to extract and preconcentrate several trace elements from different types of matrices [13][14][15][16][17][18].…”

Utilization of Aluminon for Determination of Ultra-trace Levels of Copper in Environmental, Biological, and Water Samples via Cloud Point Extraction Coupled with Spectrophotometry

“…CPE might be an interesting and efficient alternative, once it reduces or eliminates consumption of organic solvents significantly. Trace elements can be extracted to the surfactant-rich phase usually after forming of a hydrophobic complex with an appropriate complexing agent [28]. This approach has been successfully employed to extract and preconcentrate several trace elements from a variety of matrices [28][29][30] including biological samples [31][32][33][34].…”

“…Trace elements can be extracted to the surfactant-rich phase usually after forming of a hydrophobic complex with an appropriate complexing agent [28]. This approach has been successfully employed to extract and preconcentrate several trace elements from a variety of matrices [28][29][30] including biological samples [31][32][33][34]. Any analyte solubilized in the hydrophobic core of the micelles A stock solution of 5 × 10 -3 M aluminon (achieved by Merck) was prepared by dissolving an appropriate amount in least volume of double distilled water and completed to the mark in 50 mL measuring flask.…”

Cloud point extraction for the determination of cadmium and lead employing sequential multi-element flame atomic absorption spectrometry

“…In the last decade, separation methods based on cloud point extraction (CPE) were frequently applied in pre-concentration procedures [20,21]. This technique is based on the formation of metallic chelates in the surfactant aggregate.…”