“…The most promising implantable metallic biomaterials are titanium and its alloys [1,2] due to its good properties such as high biocompatibility with bone cells and muscle, good corrosion resistance in human body fluid, good mechanical properties, low density, chemical inertness, and no-toxicity [3][4][5]. Titanium and its alloys are often used as materials in the biomedical field [5][6][7][8], especially as orthopaedic and dental implant materials [3,4,[16][17][18]5,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Many investigations have been performed to improve mechanical properties, osseointegration and fixation between bone structures and the implant.…”