Inverted solar cells have attracted significant attention because they have low hysteresis and are resistant to environmental variables, such as oxygen and humidity, making them more stable and long-lasting. Herein, we investigate the performance optimisation of an inverted design based on MAPbI3-xClx with the structure ITO/PTAA/MAPbI3-xClx/PC60BM/BCP/Ag by utilising SCAPS-1D, a simulation tool.
Accordingly, a substantial improvement in efficiency can be achieved by optimising several factors linked to each layer's performance in a perovskite solar cell (PSC).
Total defect density, work function, thickness, and electron affinity have a significant impact on the photovoltaic response. Specifically, the impact of optimisation of the charge transport layers and the perovskite layer on the device's performance parameters was discussed, resulting in a milestone within a remarkable increase in PCE of 21.59%, whereas the original structure's efficiency was 6.9 %.
Additionally, it has been shown that aluminium can substitute silver in the top electrode of a solar cell without affecting its efficiency, allowing the development of cost-effective solar cells.
 The present study provides an insight in the creation of a highly stable
low-cost and higher-efficiency perovskite solar cell.