“…5, schematically demonstrating the fate of NH 3 and TMA in ruminants. As already indicated by Schade and Crutzen (1995), the primary source for TMA is the rapid microbial degradation of choline (Davies, 1936;Eddy, 1953;Neill et al, 1978;Zeisel et al, 1989;Bain et al, 2005;Wang et al, 2011;Craciun and Balskus, 2012) taken up with the feed (Pinotti et al, 2002). In addition, rumen microorganisms might metabolise TMA from dietary supply of carnitine, betaine, and TMAO (Davies, 1936;Mitchell et al, 1979;Zhang et al, 1999).…”