Methods Used in Evaluation of the Sun Protection Factor of Sunscreens

Rezende, Stefani Garcia; Dourado, João Gabriel; Lino, Fernando Miguel Amorim de; Vinhal, Daniela Cristina; Silva, Elton C; Gil, Eric de Souza

doi:10.5216/ref.v11i2.27013

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…This observation is particularly important because the inclusion of ZnO nanomaterials in the Hal tubules eliminates the contact of semiconductor oxide with the environment and/or skin, thus inhibiting the side reactions due to photocatalytic processes. Thus, the presented samples, especially those obtained with the adsorption process, represent improved synthetic strategies compared to literature materials, at least for photoprotection applications; on the other hand, the inclusion of the protecting agent in the tubules of the inert matrix is an alternative and safer approach, compared to those proposed in the literature, to avoid the formation of reactive oxygen species upon photoexcitation of metal oxide. To summarize the reported data, the SPF values and the critical wavelength strongly depend on the ZnO but not exclusively on the amount of ZnO formed; indeed, the data indicate that structure, grain size, and bonding with the matrix are the parameters affecting the screening capabilities of the materials.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, samples Hal-ZnO-1, Hal-ZnO-2, and Hal-ZnO-3, which are prepared by solvent evaporation method, can be considered broad-spectrum sunscreen agents. They present a critical wavelength (λ c ), defined as the wavelength below which 90% of the total UV absorbance occurs, 61 well above 370 nm (Table 2, λ c = 389−390 nm for Hal-ZnO-1 to Hal-ZnO-3); actually, their radiation shielding abilities extend until the vis region as evidenced by the ratio (UV/vis) of the areas subtended by the spectra in the UV and vis regions. Particular attention has to be paid to the samples prepared by adsorption method; for Hal-ZnO-4 reasonable SPF values are calculated and present extremely good UVA and VIS screening abilities.…”

Section: Acs Applied Nano Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Halloysite-Doped Zinc Oxide for Enhanced Sunscreening Performance

Aguzzi

Donnadio

Quaglia

et al. 2019

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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Halloysite (Hal) has already been proposed as a support for zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesis due to the possibility of adsorbing ZnO on its internal and external tubular surface, but no attention has been devoted to evaluate the effect of this support on radiation screening capabilities. In this paper, zinc oxide nanoparticles were obtained by three different methods in the presence of Hal. Adsorption, solvent evaporation, and solvothermal methods were used. Quantitative Zn was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This characterization elucidated that three different nanocomposites were obtained. In particular, when the adsorption method was used, small and quite uniform sized (10–30 nm) zinc oxide nanoparticles confined inside the Hal nanotubules were obtained. The UV–vis spectra of these nanocomposites revealed their ability to interact with a wide portion of UV–vis radiation which leads to enhanced sun screening performance.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Acs Applied Nano Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Halloysite-Doped Zinc Oxide for Enhanced Sunscreening Performance

Aguzzi

Donnadio

Quaglia

et al. 2019

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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“…An effective sunscreen is optimized with highly photostable (or photostabilized) UV filters that are uniformly spread on the skin to provide broad‐spectrum UVB and UVA protection. In addition to optimal protection, substantivity of the product, the ability to bind to the skin and resist removal, is also important for a sunscreen to maintain long‐term protection against UV irradiation under real‐life conditions [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One measure of substantivity is the water resistance test of sunscreen, which is measured by comparing the in vivo SPF values of the sunscreen‐treated area before and after immersion in water. Moreover, as a means for a rapid, inexpensive and subject‐independent evaluation of formulations and to enable the design of new sunscreen products, in vitro SPF, UVA‐PF and water resistance measurements continue to gain more interest [10–19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro skin model for characterization of sunscreen substantivity upon perspiration

Keshavarzi

Knudsen

Brewer

et al. 2021

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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Objective The resistance of sunscreens to the loss of ultraviolet (UV) protection upon perspiration is important for their practical efficacy. However, this topic is largely overlooked in evaluations of sunscreen substantivity due to the relatively few well‐established protocols compared to those for water resistance and mechanical wear. Methods In an attempt to achieve a better fundamental understanding of sunscreen behaviour in response to sweat exposure, we have developed a perspiring skin simulator, containing a substrate surface that mimics sweating human skin. Using this perspiring skin simulator, we evaluated sunscreen performance upon perspiration by in vitro sun protection factor (SPF) measurements, optical microscopy, ultraviolet (UV) reflectance imaging and coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. Results and conclusion Results indicated that perspiration reduced sunscreen efficiency through two mechanisms, namely sunscreen wash‐off (impairing the film thickness) and sunscreen redistribution (impairing the film uniformity). Further, we investigated how the sweat rate affected these mechanisms and how sunscreen application dose influenced UV protection upon perspiration. As expected, higher sweat rates led to a large loss of UV protection, while a larger application dose led to larger amounts of sunscreen being washed‐off and redistributed but also provided higher UV protection before and after sweating.

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Phenolic Compounds with Photo-Chemoprotective Activity

Nolasco-Ontiveros,

Socorro Sánchez-Correa,

Avila-Acevedo

et al. 2024

Biotechnology and Drug Development for Targeting Human Diseases

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Skin cancer has one of the highest incidence rates among all types of cancer and is predominantly caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun, which reaches the Earth's surface due to the well-known phenomenon of thinning of the ozone layer in the stratosphere. To reduce the risk of developing this malignancy, the use of sunscreens is recommended; however, the synthetic compounds in sunscreens can cause side effects and harm the environment. To avoid damage to human health and the environment, the use of different plant secondary metabolites with photochemoprotective potential has been investigated in recent decades. For this reason, phenolic compounds are useful alternatives since many of them are capable of absorbing ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Moreover, some of these compounds have antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and even anticancer activities. This chapter explores the progress in the study of different phenolic compounds extracted from plants with potential for use in sunscreen formulations.

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Methods Used in Evaluation of the Sun Protection Factor of Sunscreens

Cited by 3 publications

References 28 publications

Halloysite-Doped Zinc Oxide for Enhanced Sunscreening Performance

Halloysite-Doped Zinc Oxide for Enhanced Sunscreening Performance

In vitro skin model for characterization of sunscreen substantivity upon perspiration

Phenolic Compounds with Photo-Chemoprotective Activity

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