Methods to Illuminate the Role of Salmonella Effector Proteins during Infection: A Review

Young, Alexandra M.; Palmer, Amy E.

doi:10.3389/fcimb.2017.00363

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Germlings needed to be alive for IL-1α induction, suggesting that the surface-exposed factors of hyphae were insufficient for this response and that morphotype-dependent secreted factors from A. fumigatus may modulate the host response dramatically [ 138 , 167 ]. Visualising where and when these secreted factors act, using similar fluorescent protein technology to that applied in the study of bacterial effector translocation [ 169 ], will therefore be a key step to understanding the impact of fungal germination and development on A. fumigatus disease kinetics.…”

Section: How Does Germination Alter the Interactions Of A F...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Insights into Aspergillus fumigatus Pathogenesis and Host Response from State-of-the-Art Imaging of Host–Pathogen Interactions during Infection

Ortiz

Pennington

Thomson

et al. 2022

JoF

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Aspergillus fumigatus spores initiate more than 3,000,000 chronic and 300,000 invasive diseases annually, worldwide. Depending on the immune status of the host, inhalation of these spores can lead to a broad spectrum of disease, including invasive aspergillosis, which carries a 50% mortality rate overall; however, this mortality rate increases substantially if the infection is caused by azole-resistant strains or diagnosis is delayed or missed. Increasing resistance to existing antifungal treatments is becoming a major concern; for example, resistance to azoles (the first-line available oral drug against Aspergillus species) has risen by 40% since 2006. Despite high morbidity and mortality, the lack of an in-depth understanding of A. fumigatus pathogenesis and host response has hampered the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the clinical management of fungal infections. Recent advances in sample preparation, infection models and imaging techniques applied in vivo have addressed important gaps in fungal research, whilst questioning existing paradigms. This review highlights the successes and further potential of these recent technologies in understanding the host–pathogen interactions that lead to aspergillosis.

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Section: How Does Germination Alter the Interactions Of A F...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Insights into Aspergillus fumigatus Pathogenesis and Host Response from State-of-the-Art Imaging of Host–Pathogen Interactions during Infection

Ortiz

Pennington

Thomson

et al. 2022

JoF

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“…Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium resides within a vacuole that is a unique intracellular replicative niche [88,89] of a highly complex and dynamic network of Salmonella-induced filaments [90], but it is also capable of reaching the host cell cytosol, which is a cell-specific process [91][92][93]. Formation of the intracellular niche is governed by multiple type III secretion systems [94].…”

Section: Import Of Nutrients Into the Lumen Of Pathogen-containing Vamentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition and Bipartite Metabolism of Intracellular Pathogens

Best

Kwaik

2019

Trends in Microbiology

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The host is a nutrient-rich niche for microbial pathogens, but one that comes with obstacles and challenges. Many intracellular pathogens like Legionella pneumophila, Coxiella burnetii, Listeria monocytogenes, and Chlamydia trachomatis have developed bipartite metabolism within their hosts. This style of metabolic regulation enables pathogen sensing of specific nutrients to engage them into catabolic and anabolic processes, and contributes to temporal and spatial pathogen phenotypic modulation. Not only have intracellular pathogens adapted their metabolism to the host, they have also acquired idiosyncratic strategies to exploit host nutritional supplies and intercept metabolites. Francisella tularensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum alter host autophagy, Shigella flexneri intercepts all host pyruvate, while L. pneumophila induces host protein degradation and blocks protein translation. Strategies of pathogen manipulation of host nutrients could serve as therapeutic targets.

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“…The regulators and effectors of T3SS1 are related to Salmonella colonization and invasion into intestinal epithelial cells and lead to necrosis and inflammatory reactions in macrophages [77,109]. Furthermore, these effectors are implicated in regulating the host cell exocytosis, interfering with host signal transduction pathways, and allowing Salmonella localization, survival and proliferation inside the vacuoles [95,110,111]. In addition, four genes, i.e., sit A, sit B, sit C, and sit E, play an important role in full virulence [112].…”

Section: The Virulence-related Genes Of Spimentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella Virulence and Immune Escape

et al. 2020

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Salmonella genus represents the most common foodborne pathogens causing morbidity, mortality, and burden of disease in all regions of the world. The introduction of antimicrobial agents and Salmonella-specific phages has been considered as an effective intervention strategy to reduce Salmonella contamination. However, data from the United States, European countries, and low- and middle-income countries indicate that Salmonella cases are still a commonly encountered cause of bacterial foodborne diseases globally. The control programs have not been successful and even led to the emergence of some multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains. It is known that the host immune system is able to effectively prevent microbial invasion and eliminate microorganisms. However, Salmonella has evolved mechanisms of resisting host physical barriers and inhibiting subsequent activation of immune response through their virulence factors. There has been a high interest in understanding how Salmonella interacts with the host. Therefore, in the present review, we characterize the functions of Salmonella virulence genes and particularly focus on the mechanisms of immune escape in light of evidence from the emerging mainstream literature.

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Methods to Illuminate the Role of Salmonella Effector Proteins during Infection: A Review

Cited by 7 publications

References 80 publications

Novel Insights into Aspergillus fumigatus Pathogenesis and Host Response from State-of-the-Art Imaging of Host–Pathogen Interactions during Infection

Novel Insights into Aspergillus fumigatus Pathogenesis and Host Response from State-of-the-Art Imaging of Host–Pathogen Interactions during Infection

Nutrition and Bipartite Metabolism of Intracellular Pathogens

Salmonella Virulence and Immune Escape

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