Methods to assess the costs and health effects of interventions for improving health in developing countries

Benefits, cost requirements and cost-effectiveness of the HPV16,18 vaccine for cervical cancer prevention in developing countries: policy implications

“…DALY is a unit for measuring the health lost due to a particular disease, taking into account both premature death and years lived with disability and impaired quality. 27 There is no universal criterion that defines a threshold cost-effectiveness ratio, below which an intervention would be considered cost-effective. A commonly cited rule of thumb, based on a report by the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, is that interventions are "very costeffective" if they have cost-effectiveness ratios less than per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP).…”

“…We adhered to standard guidelines for economic evaluation. 24,[26][27][28] Sensitivity analyses assessed how uncertain parameters (e.g. vaccine efficacy) and assumptions (e.g.…”

“…Equally important to consider are criteria such as distributional effects and equity, capacity to deliver and sustain quality interventions, likelihood of cultural acceptability and political support. 14,27,42,46 Achieving broad coverage of young adolescent girls, negotiating affordable pricing and securing expedient vaccine financing will not be easy. During the typical multi-decade delay in making a new vaccine accessible to the poorest countries, several million more women will die of a preventable disease in their most productive years.…”

Direct and indirect cost of attempted suicide in a general hospital: cost-of-illness study

“…These include damage to the patient and/or family members/caregivers when they cease their professional functions for an indefinite or definitive period of time as a result of absences from work, early retirement or death. 10,11 The suicide rate in Brazil is 5.1 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. 12 Although this is not among the highest rates in the world, 13 it does result in a large number of deaths due to suicide because of the country's large population: in 2011, there were 9,852 suicides.…”

“…They are the summation of all the costs generated through the individual's illness, such as outpatient treatment, daily hospital care, medications, examinations, medical fees, rehabilitation, transportation for treatment and procedures. [9][10][11] Indirect costs include the economic loss or the years of healthy life lost as a result of suicide. These include damage to the patient and/or family members/caregivers when they cease their professional functions for an indefinite or definitive period of time as a result of absences from work, early retirement or death.…”