Methods of Titanium Dioxide Synthesis (Review)

Abstract

TiO2-based nanomaterials are attracting much attention in many areas, such as photocatalysis, photoelectricity, probing, electrochromism, photochromism, etc. They are widely used in paints, polymers, sunscreens, and toothpaste. There are various ways of synthesis that affect the size, shape, and crystallinity of TiO2 nanoparticles. The main methods of obtaining titanium dioxide (with the structure of anatase, rutile or brookite) in the form of spheres, rods, fibers, and tubes include: sol-gel technology, hydrothermal and solvothermal methods, microwave method involving high-frequency electromagnetic waves, template method, electrodeposition, a sonochemical method using ultrasound, chemical and physical vapor deposition, "green" methods, etc. This literature review presents modern scientific results on the production of TiO2 nanoparticles by various methods.

A Review of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)-Based Photocatalyst for Oilfield-Produced Water Treatment

“…Commonly, TiO 2 can be synthesized using numerous routes, such as sol-gel, hydrothermal/solvothermal, sonochemical process, template method, electrodeposition, chemical and physical vapor deposition, aerosol synthesis, precipitation, and microelmusion-mediated, milling, sputtering, pulse laser ablation, and evaporation–condensation, which can be classified into two approaches: top-down and bottom-up [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. Different precursors were used to obtain TiO 2 , such as titanium isopropoxide (TTIP), titanium tetrabutoxide (TBT), titanium tetrachloride (TiCl 4 ), titanium alkoxide, and titanium trichloride (TiCl 3 ), which could affect the particle size, morphology, and physicochemical properties [ 37 , 38 , 39 ].…”

Robust Heterogeneous Photocatalyst for Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution Promotion: Immobilization of a Fluorescein Dye-Encapsulated Metal–Organic Cage on TiO2

“…However, these catalysts obtained by these methods still suffer from shortcomings in that the loaded materials are easily peeled off and the loading amounts are difficult to control. The development of organic–inorganic hybrid architectures for elaborately fixing molecules onto a specific solid substrate provides a feasible way to solve the abovementioned problems because organic and inorganic components in hybrid materials could be tightly integrated and optimized to an appropriate proportion. − In the last decades, various approaches have been developed for preparing nanomaterials based on TiO 2 , such as template-assisted growth, hydrothermal method, dispersion polymerization, and sol–gel method. − Among them, the sol–gel method is more suitable for the preparation of highly dispersed multicomponent materials, which offers a desirable solution for preparing evenly mixed composite material on nano- or even molecular scale.…”

Green Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Principles of Green Chemistry and Raw Materials

“…The environmentally friendly and sustainable synthesis methods are using in "green" chemistry in order to prevent the formation of toxic by-products [22][23][24]. Different biological materials, such as plant extracts, algae, fungi, bacteria, etc., are used in the "green" synthesis of metal and metal oxide NPs [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. The use of plant extracts is fairly easy for obtaining NPs on a large scale, compared to the synthesis with fungi and bacteria [20,37,38].…”