Green Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Principles of Green Chemistry and Raw Materials

Abstract

Increased request for metal and metal oxide nanoparticles nanoparticles has led to their large-scale production using high-energy methods with various toxic solvents. This cause environmental contamination, thus eco-friendly “green” synthesis methods has become necessary. An alternative way to synthesize metal nanoparticles includes using bioresources, such as plants and plant products, bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae, etc. “Green” synthesis has low toxicity, is safe for human health and environment compared to other methods, meaning it is the best approach for obtaining metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. This review reveals 12 principles of “green” chemistry and examples of biological components suitable for “green” synthesis, as well as modern scientific research of eco-friendly synthesis methods of magnetic and metal nanoparticles. Particularly, using extracts of green tea, fruits, roots, leaves, etc., to obtain Fe3O4 NPs. The various precursors as egg white (albumen), leaf and fruit extracts, etc., can be used for the „green” synthesis of spinel magnetic NPs. “Green” nanoparticles are being widely used as antimicrobials, photocatalysts and adsorbents. “Green” magnetic nanoparticles demonstrate low toxicity and high biocompatibility, which allows for their biomedical application, especially for targeted drug delivery, contrast imaging and magnetic hyperthermia applications. The synthesis of silver, gold, platinum and palladium nanoparticles using extracts from fungi, red algae, fruits, etc., has been described.

Polysaccharides and Metal Nanoparticles for Functional Textiles: A Review

“…Chemical synthesis can also restrict the application possibilities and biocompatibility of MNPs [ 166 , 167 ]. Green synthesis, through precursors of biological origin, such as polysaccharides, prevents pollution and mitigates cytotoxicity during the early stages of chemical processes [ 168 ]. Successful synthesis and stabilization of MNPs using these biological macromolecules was achieved in several works by the coordination bonds between the metal salts and functional groups of polysaccharides [ 46 , 72 , 86 , 88 , 105 , 115 , 134 ].…”

Magnetically Separable Zn1‐xCu0.5xMg0.5xFe2O4 Ferrite: A Stable Catalyst for Reduction of 4‐Nitrophenol

“…[10,11] Many benefits of spinel ferrite have also been documented, including its high surface area, magnetic separability, cation distribution, ecofriendly route, low cost, chemical stability, and so on. [12][13][14][15] There have been a few recent reports of spinel ferrites demonstrating various catalytic reactions. For example, Dey et al reported the fabrication of nickel ferrite through a chemical route aided by surfactants for catalytic reduction of nitroaromatic compounds.…”

“…Spinel ferrites have drawn a lot of interest in the field of nanotechnology in recent years because of their numerous applications [10,11] . Many benefits of spinel ferrite have also been documented, including its high surface area, magnetic separability, cation distribution, ecofriendly route, low cost, chemical stability, and so on [12–15] . There have been a few recent reports of spinel ferrites demonstrating various catalytic reactions.…”

Preparing Copper Nanoparticles and Flexible Copper Conductive Sheets

“…However, most of the chemicals employed in metallic nanoparticle preparation are toxic, and improper treatment of these chemicals could lead to environmental pollution. Therefore, the preparation of environmentally friendly, low-temperature-sintering metallic nanoparticles has become a research trend [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. In past research [ 18 , 25 , 26 ], reports clearly demonstrated that ascorbic acid is a popular reducing agent.…”

“…Silver, copper, and gold are the three most frequently studied metals for nanoparticles [ 10 , 11 , 24 , 27 ]. Silver and gold are costly.…”