Methods of phenotypic identification of non-tuberculous mycobacteria

Bhalla, Gurpreet Singh; Sarao, Manbeer S.; Kalra, Dinesh; Bandyopadhyay, Kuntal; John, Arun Ravi

doi:10.1016/j.plabm.2018.e00107

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Table II describes the distribution of various NTM species in the environment 2 3 . Table III details the major differences between NTM and Mtb 1 2 3 4 5 6 9 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 . Although recent reports regarding the transmission of M. abscessus and M. massiliense have not proven person-to-person transmission, but these are highly suggestive of indirect transmission among cystic fibrosis (CF) patients 21 .…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology, diagnosis & treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterial diseases

2020

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Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are ubiquitously present in the environment, but NTM diseases occur infrequently. NTM are generally considered to be less virulent than Mycobacterium tuberculosis , however, these organisms can cause diseases in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts. As compared to tuberculosis, person-to-person transmission does not occur except with M. abscessus NTM species among cystic fibrosis patients. Lung is the most commonly involved organ, and the NTM-pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) occurs frequently in patients with pre-existing lung disease. NTM may also present as localized disease involving extrapulmonary sites such as lymph nodes, skin and soft tissues and rarely bones. Disseminated NTM disease is rare and occurs in individuals with congenital or acquired immune defects such as HIV/AIDS. Rapid molecular tests are now available for confirmation of NTM diagnosis at species and subspecies level. Drug susceptibility testing (DST) is not routinely done except in non-responsive disease due to slowly growing mycobacteria ( M. avium complex, M. kansasii ) or infection due to rapidly growing mycobacteria, especially M. abscessus . While the decision to treat the patients with NTM-PD is made carefully, the treatment is given for 12 months after sputum culture conversion. Additional measures include pulmonary rehabilitation and correction of malnutrition. Treatment response in NTM-PD is variable and depends on isolated NTM species and severity of the underlying PD. Surgery is reserved for patients with localized disease with good pulmonary functions. Future research should focus on the development and validation of non-culture-based rapid diagnostic tests for early diagnosis and discovery of newer drugs with greater efficacy and lesser toxicity than the available ones.

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Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology, diagnosis & treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterial diseases

2020

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“…NTM can be identified with several biochemical reaction methods, including niacin accumulation test, arylsufatase test, nitrate reduction test, catalase test, citrate utilization tellurite reduction and growth in the presence of 5% NaCl ( Table 2 ) [ 79 ].…”

Section: Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycobacteriosis and Infections with Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria in Aquatic Organisms: A Review

2020

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The Mycobacteriaceae constitute a family of varied Gram-positive organisms that include a large number of pathogenic bacteria. Among these, non-tuberculous mycobacteria are endemic worldwide and have been associated with infections in a large number of organisms, including humans and other mammals and reptiles, as well as fish. In this review, we summarize the most recent findings regarding this group of pathogens in fish. There, four species are most commonly associated with disease outbreaks: Mycobacterium marinum, the most common of these fish mycobacterial pathogens, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium gordonae, and Mycobacterium chelonae. These bacteria have a broad host range: they are zoonotic, and infections have been reported in a large number of fish species. The main route of entry of the bacterium into the fish is through the gastrointestinal route, and the disease is associated with ulcerative dermatitis as well as organomegaly and the development of granulomatous lesions in the internal organs. Mycobacteriaceae are slow-growing and fastidious and isolation is difficult and time consuming and diagnostic is mostly performed using serological and molecular tools. Control of the disease is also difficult: there is currently no effective vaccine and infections react poorly to antibiotherapy. For this reason, more research is needed on the subject of these vexing pathogens.

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“…Phenotypic methods are still the most suited methods for the identification of mycobacteria in low-income countries, where often trained staff is scarce and/or uneven access to molecular biology techniques. In a review by Bhalla and co-workers (2018), a set of 13 parallel phenotypic tests enables the identification of the most frequently isolated species of NTM, including niacin accumulation, arylsulfatase, nitrate reduction, thermostable, high catalase, low catalase, hydrolysis of Tween-80, citrate utilization, iron uptake, urea hydrolysis, growth in presence of 5% NaCl, growth in MacConkey agar without crystal violet, and tellurite reduction tests [ 322 ]. In a work by Khosravi and coworkers (2017), a set of ten phenotypical assays enabled the identification of 89.7% of 98 clinical isolates, when compared to rpoB sequence analysis [ 323 ].…”

Section: Detection Identification and Differentiation Tools For mentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria: Molecular and Physiological Bases of Virulence and Adaptation to Ecological Niches

et al. 2020

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Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are paradigmatic colonizers of the total environment, circulating at the interfaces of the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and anthroposphere. Their striking adaptive ecology on the interconnection of multiple spheres results from the combination of several biological features related to their exclusive hydrophobic and lipid-rich impermeable cell wall, transcriptional regulation signatures, biofilm phenotype, and symbiosis with protozoa. This unique blend of traits is reviewed in this work, with highlights to the prodigious plasticity and persistence hallmarks of NTM in a wide diversity of environments, from extreme natural milieus to microniches in the human body. Knowledge on the taxonomy, evolution, and functional diversity of NTM is updated, as well as the molecular and physiological bases for environmental adaptation, tolerance to xenobiotics, and infection biology in the human and non-human host. The complex interplay between individual, species-specific and ecological niche traits contributing to NTM resilience across ecosystems are also explored. This work hinges current understandings of NTM, approaching their biology and heterogeneity from several angles and reinforcing the complexity of these microorganisms often associated with a multiplicity of diseases, including pulmonary, soft-tissue, or milliary. In addition to emphasizing the cornerstones of knowledge involving these bacteria, we identify research gaps that need to be addressed, stressing out the need for decision-makers to recognize NTM infection as a public health issue that has to be tackled, especially when considering an increasingly susceptible elderly and immunocompromised population in developed countries, as well as in low- or middle-income countries, where NTM infections are still highly misdiagnosed and neglected.

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Methods of phenotypic identification of non-tuberculous mycobacteria

Cited by 18 publications

References 45 publications

Epidemiology, diagnosis & treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterial diseases

Epidemiology, diagnosis & treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterial diseases

Mycobacteriosis and Infections with Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria in Aquatic Organisms: A Review

Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria: Molecular and Physiological Bases of Virulence and Adaptation to Ecological Niches

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