Epidemiology, diagnosis &amp; treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterial diseases

Sharma, Surendra Kumar; Upadhyay, Vishwanath

doi:10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_902_20

Cited by 116 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 167 publications

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“…DNTM mostly occurs as an opportunistic infection in immunosuppressed individuals, including those with advanced HIV infection [14]. Anti-IFN-γ antibodies have recently been reported to affect the IFN-γ immune pathway and cause adult-onset immunodeficiency syndrome in DNTM and other opportunistic infections, especially in East Asia [4,5,[15][16][17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycobacterial lymphadenitis without granuloma formation in a patient with anti-interferon-gamma antibodies

et al. 2021

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A previously healthy 49-year-old Japanese woman presented with cervical lymph node swelling and tenderness. Lymph node biopsy revealed reactive lymphadenitis without granulomas. No malignant cells were found, and no acid-fast positive bacilli were identified by Ziehl-Neelsen staining. She was treated unsuccessfully with various antibiotics, and it was very challenging to reach a diagnosis. 18 F-Fluorodeoxyglucose ( 18 F-FDG) uptake in bones was evaluated using positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT), and disseminated mycobacterial infection was suspected. The interferongamma (IFN-γ) release assays QuantiFERON (QFT) and T-SPOT were used to diagnose tuberculosis infection. On testing, a difference in mitogen response was found between these assays. The response was low for QFT but adequate for T-SPOT, suggesting the presence of anti-IFN-γ antibodies. This difference depended on whether the patient's plasma (including anti-IFN-γ antibodies) was used within the assay system. Mycobacterium abscessus was isolated from lymph node cultures, and plasma anti-IFN-γ antibodies were confirmed. The patient was diagnosed with disseminated M. abscessus infection with underlying adult-onset immunodeficiency caused by anti-IFN-γ antibodies. Granulomas are a pathological hallmark of mycobacterial infection, but may not fully form in immunodeficient patients. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of mycobacterial infection without granuloma formation due to anti-IFN-γ antibodies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycobacterial lymphadenitis without granuloma formation in a patient with anti-interferon-gamma antibodies

et al. 2021

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“…These mycobacterial biofilms have been found in both natural and manufactured settings such as soil, showerheads, hospital water system and medical equipment. NTMs cause skin and soft tissue infections, aseptic meningitis, lymphadenitis, and pulmonary infections [103][104][105]. Disseminated and mixed NTM infections have been found in immunocompromised individuals suffering from cystic fibrosis, renal failures, leukemia and organ transplant recipients [106].…”

Section: Stringent Response and Biofilm Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stringent Response in Mycobacteria: From Biology to Therapeutic Potential

et al. 2021

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a human pathogen that can thrive inside the host immune cells for several years and cause tuberculosis. This is due to the propensity of M. tuberculosis to synthesize a sturdy cell wall, shift metabolism and growth, secrete virulence factors to manipulate host immunity, and exhibit stringent response. These attributes help M. tuberculosis to manage the host response, and successfully establish and maintain an infection even under nutrient-deprived stress conditions for years. In this review, we will discuss the importance of mycobacterial stringent response under different stress conditions. The stringent response is mediated through small signaling molecules called alarmones “(pp)pGpp”. The synthesis and degradation of these alarmones in mycobacteria are mediated by Rel protein, which is both (p)ppGpp synthetase and hydrolase. Rel is important for all central dogma processes—DNA replication, transcription, and translation—in addition to regulating virulence, drug resistance, and biofilm formation. Rel also plays an important role in the latent infection of M. tuberculosis. Here, we have discussed the literature on alarmones and Rel proteins in mycobacteria and highlight that (p)ppGpp-analogs and Rel inhibitors could be designed and used as antimycobacterial compounds against M. tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections.

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“…Among these microorganisms is M. avium ssp. hominissuis (MAH), belonging to the Mycobacterium avium Complex group (MAC) [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulmonary mycobacteriosis of sitatunga antelope caused by <i>M. avium</i> ssp. <i>hominissuis</i>

Radulski¹,

Kalicki²,

Krajewska‐Wędzina³

et al. 2022

Ann Agric Environ Med.

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Introduction and Objective.Mycobacteriosis are diseases caused by acid-fast mycobacteria other than M. leprae and tuberculous mycobacteria. Animal mycobacteriosis is often caused by M. avium ssp. hominissuis. Many species of animals are susceptible to infection with this bacterium, even those kept in Zoological Gardens. The aim of the study was to determine the species of bacterium responsible for causing the disease in the tested animals. Materials and method. Tissue samples of two male sitatunga antelopes (Tragelaphus spekii) were analyzed. Lymph node and lung samples were subjected to anatomical examination and Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Real-time PCR was performed to confirm or rule out tuberculosis mycobacteria infection. In order to isolate the bacterial strain, tissue samples were inoculated on both solid and liquid media. HainLifescience CM tests, mass spectrometry and New Generation Sequencing were used to determine the mycobacterial species. Results. Results showed that atypical mycobacteria are responsible for the antelope disease. The results of the HainLifescience CM test and mass spectrometry indicated that the mycobacterium responsible for causing mycobacteriosis was M. avium. New Generation Sequencing helped to identified a subspecies that was M. avium ssp. hominissuis. Conclusions. The sitatunga antelope is an animal susceptible to infection by M. avium ssp. hominissuis. Considering the wide range of hosts and the easiness of interspecies transmission of the pathogen, as well as its zoonotic nature, the mycobacteriosis induced by this microorganism should not be underestimated.

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Epidemiology, diagnosis & treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterial diseases

Cited by 116 publications

References 167 publications

Mycobacterial lymphadenitis without granuloma formation in a patient with anti-interferon-gamma antibodies

Mycobacterial lymphadenitis without granuloma formation in a patient with anti-interferon-gamma antibodies

Stringent Response in Mycobacteria: From Biology to Therapeutic Potential

Pulmonary mycobacteriosis of sitatunga antelope caused by <i>M. avium</i> ssp. <i>hominissuis</i>

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