Methods of microbial control in marine fish larval rearing: clay-based turbidity and passive larval transfer

Stuart, Kevin; Rotman, Federico; Drawbridge, Mark

doi:10.1111/are.12696

Cited by 12 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 61 publications

(149 reference statements)

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“…Overlapping OTUs between the two treatments was likely due to the incoming seawater from Puget Sound, which also harbored these groups in abundance, especially Flavobacteriaceae and Rhodobacteraceae. As was observed in Stuart et al (2015), clay reduced vibrio relative abundances in seawater compared to greenwater. Unlike Stuart et al (2015), however, in the current study of this reduction of vibrios did not equate to increased survival of sablefish.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…As was observed in Stuart et al (2015), clay reduced vibrio relative abundances in seawater compared to greenwater. Unlike Stuart et al (2015), however, in the current study of this reduction of vibrios did not equate to increased survival of sablefish. One reason for this may be the increased number of total bacterial cells in the claywater treatment, as indicated by the cell counts.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…Water with this type of additive is known as "greenwater, " and while effective, it is also costly and contributes to excess organic material in tanks and subsequent bacterial proliferation, including pathogens (Attramadal et al, 2012). Alternatives such as clay ("claywater") have been proposed as algae replacements and have been successful in rearing other fish species (Attramadal et al, 2012;Daugherty, 2013;Stuart et al, 2015). In sablefish, however, claywater results in lower survival rates compared to greenwater in the first week of rearing (Lee et al, 2017b), but the mechanisms responsible for differences in survival between claywater and traditional additives are not well understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Algae and Clay Water Additives Differentially Impact Survival and Microbial Community Structure in Sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) Rearing Tanks

et al. 2019

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Algae, or "greenwater," is a traditional water additive used in finfish aquaculture but it is associated with high costs and potentially harmful bacterial growth. "Claywater," a mix of clay and seawater, has been explored as a replacement for greenwater. In some fish species, however, claywater reduces survival rates, but the mechanisms are not understood. A link between water additive and microbial community composition may exist. In this study, the effects of different water additives on the microbial communities of larval sablefish were studied. Three treatments were evaluated: a traditional greenwater additive, a claywater additive, and a greenwater additive switched to claywater after 1 week. Microbial communities were characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and sablefish survival and growth were recorded. Tank seawater microbial communities were significantly influenced by water additive (treatment). Sablefish microbiomes were significantly but weakly influenced by treatment, and there were time-specific differences within the claywater treatment. Sablefish, from the treatment that was switched after 1 week, maintained microbiomes that were more similar to the initial greenwater treatment. In general, sablefish were dominated by Vibrionaceae operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Variability in the sablefish microbiomes between tanks from the same treatment was high, especially in the claywater treatment, which may have confounded treatment effects. Larvae in the claywater treatment had significantly lower survival rates compared to greenwater and greenwater-claywater treatments, but no treatment effect was observed on sablefish growth (length). Overall, results suggest that claywater does not negatively impact survival or the microbial community of sablefish when preceded by 1 week of greenwater.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Algae and Clay Water Additives Differentially Impact Survival and Microbial Community Structure in Sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) Rearing Tanks

et al. 2019

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“…Claywater typically has a reduced abundance of Vibrio spp. [41,42] and up to 90% cost reduction compared to greenwater, but research into its effects on larval growth and survival has yielded mixed results [25,[40][41][42].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influences of claywater and greenwater on the skin microbiome of cultured larval sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria)

et al. 2020

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Background: The skin microbiome of marine fish is thought to come from bacteria in the surrounding water during the larval stages, although it is not clear how different water conditions affect the microbial communities in the water and, in turn, the composition and development of the larval skin microbiome. In aquaculture, water conditions are especially important; claywater and greenwater are often used in larval rearing tanks to increase water turbidity. Here, we explored the effects of these water additives on microbial communities in rearing water and on the skin of first-feeding sablefish larvae using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We evaluated three treatments: greenwater, claywater, and greenwater with a switch to claywater after 1 week. Results: We observed additive-specific effects on rearing water microbial communities that coincided with the addition of larvae and rotifer feed to the tanks, such as an increase in Vibrionaceae in greenwater tanks. Additionally, microbial communities from experimental tank water, especially those in claywater, began to resemble larval skin microbiomes by the end of the experiment. The differential effects of the additives on larval sablefish skin microbiomes were largest during the first week, post-first feed. Bacteria associated with greenwater, including Vibrionaceae and Pseudoalteromonas spp., were found on larval skin a week after the switch to claywater. In addition to additive-specific effects, larval skin microbiomes also retained bacterial families likely acquired from their hatchery silos. Conclusions: Our results suggest that larval sablefish skin microbiomes are most sensitive to the surrounding seawater up to 1 week following the yolk-sac stage and that claywater substituted for greenwater after 1 week post-first feed does not significantly impact skin-associated microbial communities. However, the larval skin microbiome changes over time under all experimental conditions. Furthermore, our findings suggest a potential two-way interaction between microbial communities on the host and the surrounding environment. To our knowledge, this is one of the few studies to suggest that fish might influence the microbial community of the seawater.

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“…It appears that microalgae concentrates contain even greater numbers of bacteria because the bacteria that are attached to the microalgal cells and bacterial flocs may also be condensed during the concentration process. Indeed, reducing the bacterial load associated with microalgae has been shown to improve the survival rate of fish larvae while keeping harmful bacteria at a low level (Stuart et al, 2016). However, in general, it is widely accepted that a bacterial load in the larval rearing water should be avoided as much as possible to prevent the accidental proliferation of pathogenic and/or opportunistic bacteria that might cause larval mortality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of thermal disinfection and autoclave sterilisation on the quality of microalgae concentrates

et al. 2018

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Microalgae concentrates are important for hatchery operations but have been found to contain high concentrations of bacteria. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of four thermal disinfection and sterilisation treatments, low-temperature long-time (LTLT; 62-65°C, 30 min), high-temperature short-time (HTST; 72-75°C, 15 s), ultra-high-temperature (UHT; 120-150°C, 1-3 s) and high-temperature highpressure (HTHP; 121°C, 0.2 MPa, 15 min), on concentrates of the microalgae, Chaetoceros gracilis, Chlorella vulgaris (fortified with eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) and Nannochloropsis oculata. The concentrates had reduced bacterial counts following LTLT, HTST and UHT and were completely sterilised by HTHP. Furthermore, cell dispersibility was retained in all treatment groups except HTHP-treated C. gracilis. Rotifers that were cultured with HTHP-treated C. vulgaris and N. oculata experienced significant population increases, whereas the survival rate and growth of Artemia nauplii significantly improved when supplied with HTHP-treated N. oculata, indicating that HTHP enhances the digestibility of this microalga. HTHP did not affect the total lipid content and fatty acid composition of the microalgae. These results suggest that HTHP-treated C. vulgaris and N. oculata could be used for the nutritional enrichment of rotifers and Artemia, while avoiding the risk of bacterial contamination, and would have an increased shelf life at room temperature.

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Methods of microbial control in marine fish larval rearing: clay-based turbidity and passive larval transfer

Cited by 12 publications

References 61 publications

Algae and Clay Water Additives Differentially Impact Survival and Microbial Community Structure in Sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) Rearing Tanks

Algae and Clay Water Additives Differentially Impact Survival and Microbial Community Structure in Sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) Rearing Tanks

Influences of claywater and greenwater on the skin microbiome of cultured larval sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria)

Effects of thermal disinfection and autoclave sterilisation on the quality of microalgae concentrates

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